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Jan 31, 2021 · The zebras were all scattered and sold and that was the end of the experiment. What became of poor Mrs Averill Rattray? The story goes that she secluded herself alone in the bush and drank herself to an early death, on 6 January 1936. This is recounted by Gloria Vanderbilt in her book Double Exposure. Averill is buried in Forest Road cemetery ...
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Furness always brought along his wife and his teenage daughter, a tomboy named Averill, and always engaged Jock Rattray as his white hunter. The expeditions lasted 6 weeks and were cheerful, successful affairs, at least until 1934.
- What Is Intelligence?
- History of Intelligence
- Theories of Intelligence
- Intelligence Testing
- Criticism of Intelligence Testing
- Extremes of Intelligence
- Intelligence Today
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It might seem useless to define such a simple word. After all, we have all heard this word hundreds of times and probably have a general understanding of its meaning. However, the concept of intelligence has been a widely debated topic among members of the psychology community for decades. Psychologist Robert Sternberg defined intelligence as “the ...
The study of human intelligence dates back to the late 1800s when Sir Francis Galton (the cousin of Charles Darwin) became one of the first to study intelligence. Galton was interested in the concept of a gifted individual, so he created a lab to measure reaction times and other physical characteristics to test his hypothesis that intelligence is a...
As a result, psychologists have developed several contrasting theories of intelligence as well as individual tests that attempt to measure this very concept. After examining the popular competing theories of intelligence, it becomes clear that there are many different forms of this seemingly simple concept. On the one hand, Spearman claims that int...
The Flynn Effect
It is important to regularly standardize an intelligence test because the overall level of intelligence in a population may change over time. This phenomenon is known as the Flynn effect(named after its discoverer, New Zealand researcher James Flynn) which refers to the observation that scores on intelligence tests worldwide increase from decade to decade (Flynn, 1984).
Aptitude vs. Achievement Tests
Other tests, such as aptitude and achievement tests, are designed to measure intellectual capability. Achievement tests measure what content a student has already learned (such as a unit test in history or a final math exam), whereas an aptitude test measures a student’s potential or ability to learn (Anastasi, 1984). Although this may sound similar to an IQ test, aptitude tests typically measure abilities in very specific areas.
Reliability and Construct Validity
Although you may be wondering if you take an intelligence test multiple times will you improve your score and whether these tests even measure intelligence in the first place, research provides reassurance that these tests are both very reliable and have high construct validity. Reliability simply means that they are consistent over time. In other words, if you take a test at two different points in time, there will be very little change in performance or, in the case of intelligence tests, I...
Cultural Specificity
There are issues with intelligence tests beyond looking at them in a vacuum. These tests were created by Western psychologists who created such tools to measure euro-centric values. However, it is important to recognize that the majority of the world’s population does not reside in Europe or North America, and as a result, the cultural specificity of these tests is crucial. Different cultures hold different values and even have different perceptions of intelligence, so is it fair to have one...
Social and Environmental Factors
Another important part of the puzzle to consider is the social and environmental context in which an individual lives and the IQ test-related biases that develop as a result. These might help explain why some individuals have lower scores than others. For example, the threat of social exclusion can greatly decrease the expression of intelligence. A 2002 study gave participants an IQ test and a personality inventory, and some were randomly chosen to receive feedback from the inventory indicati...
IQ scores are generally normally distributed (Moore et al., 2013). That is, roughly 95% of the population has IQ scores between 70 and 130. But what about the other 5%? Individuals who fall outside this range represent the extremes of intelligence. Those who have an IQ above 130 are considered to be gifted (Lally & French, 2018), such as Christophe...
Today, intelligence is generally understood as the ability to understand and adapt to the environment by using inherited abilities and learned knowledge. Many new intelligence tests have arisen, such as the University of California Matrix Reasoning Task (Pahor et al., 2019), that can be taken online and in very little time, and new methods of scori...
Anastasi, A. (1984). 7. Aptitude and Achievement Tests: The Curious Case of the Indestructible Strawperson. Baumeister, R. F., Twenge, J. M., & Nuss, C. K. (2002). Effects of social exclusion on cognitive processes: anticipated aloneness reduces intelligent thought. Journal of personality and social psychology, 83(4), 817. Binet, A., Simon, T., & S...
Jun 5, 2012 · Put another way, people all have conceptions – which also are called folk theories or implicit theories – of intelligence, but no one knows for certain what it actually is. This chapter addresses how people conceptualize intelligence, whatever it may actually be.
- Robert J. Sternberg
- 2004
MRS. AVERILL RATTRAY DIES IN EAST AFRICA; Daughter of Lord Furness Wed Her Father's Chief Big Game Hunter at Nalrobi in 1932.
Averill Furness died in Africa in 1936, also just 27, after a brief but romantic marriage to a white hunter, Andrew Rattray. Both children predeceased their father. Averill's story is especially poignant.
People also ask
What are implicit theories of intelligence?
Is intelligence a theory?
Is intelligence a process oriented theory?
How did psychologists develop the most accurate theory of human intelligence?
The goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of theories of intelligence, spanning from historical to contemporary models, with an eye toward highlighting the ways in which theoretical developments have shaped practical aspects of clinical assessment.
