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May 14, 2024 · Gamma rays (symbol: γ) are a type of electromagnetic radiation with frequencies above 10 19 Hz and wavelengths shorter than 10 picometers (1 x 10 −11 meters). They are located at the extreme end of the electromagnetic spectrum, beyond X-rays. The energy of gamma rays typically exceeds 100 keV (kilo-electronvolts).
A gamma ray, also known as gamma radiation (symbol. γ. ), is a penetrating form of electromagnetic radiation arising from the radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. It consists of the shortest wavelength electromagnetic waves, typically shorter than those of X-rays. With frequencies above 30 exahertz (3 × 1019 Hz) and wavelengths less than 10 ...
Nov 3, 2024 · gamma ray, electromagnetic radiation of the shortest wavelength and highest energy. Gamma rays are produced in the disintegration of radioactive atomic nuclei and in the decay of certain subatomic particles. The commonly accepted definitions of the gamma-ray and X-ray regions of the electromagnetic spectrum include some wavelength overlap, with ...
- A gamma ray is electromagnetic radiation of the shortest wavelength and highest energy. Gamma-ray radiation has wavelengths generally smaller than...
- Gamma rays are produced during the disintegration of radioactive atomic nuclei and the decay of certain subatomic particles. Gamma rays are also pr...
- The term gamma ray was coined by British physicist Ernest Rutherford in 1903, following early studies of the emissions of radioactive nuclei.
- Medical applications of gamma rays include the imaging technique of positron emission tomography (PET) and radiation therapies to treat cancerous t...
- Discovery of Gamma Rays
- Characteristics of Gamma Rays / Radiation
- Photoelectric Effect
- Compton Scattering
- Positron-Electron Pair Production
- Gamma Rays Attenuation
- Validity of Exponential Law
- Build-Up Factors For Gamma Rays Shielding
Gamma rays were discovered shortly after the discovery of X-rays. In 1896, French scientist Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium minerals could expose a photographic plate through another material. Becquerel presumed that uranium emitted some invisible light similar to X-rays, which W.C.Roentgen recently discovered. He called it “metallic phosph...
Key features of gamma raysare summarized in the following few points: 1. Gamma rays are high-energy photons(about 10 000 times as much energy as the visible photons), the same photons as the photons forming the visible range of the electromagnetic spectrum – light. 2. Photons (gamma rays and X-rays) can ionize atoms directly (despite they are elect...
See also : Photoelectric effect 1. The photoelectric effect dominates at low-energies of gamma rays. 2. The photoelectric effect leads to the emission of photoelectrons from matter when light (photons) shines upon them. 3. The maximum energy an electron can receive in any one interaction is hν. 4. The photoelectric effect only emits electrons if th...
Key characteristics of Compton Scattering
1. Compton scattering dominates at intermediate energies. 2. It is the scattering of photons by atomic electrons 3. Photons undergo a wavelength shift called the Compton shift. 4. The energy transferred to the recoil electron can vary from zero to a large fractionof the incident gamma-ray energy.
Definition of Compton Scattering
Compton scattering is the inelastic or nonclassical scattering of a photon (which may be an X-ray or gamma-ray photon) by a charged particle, usually an electron. In Compton scattering, the incident gamma-ray photon is deflected through an angle Θ with regard to its original direction. This deflection decreases the photon’s frequency’s energy (decrease in photon’s frequency) and is called the Compton effect. The photon transfers a portion of its energy to the recoil electron. The energy trans...
Compton Scattering Formula
The Compton formula was published in 1923 in the Physical Review. Compton explained that the particle-like momentum of photons causes the X-ray shift. Compton scattering formula is the mathematical relationship between the shift in wavelength and the scattering angle of the X-rays. In the case of Compton scattering, the photon of frequency f collides with an electron at rest. The photon bounces off the electron upon collision, giving up some of its initial energy (given by Planck’s formula E=...
In general, pair production is a phenomenon of nature where energy is directly converted to matter. The phenomenon of pair production can be view two different ways. One way is a particle and anti-particle, and the other is a particle and a hole. The first way can be represented by the formation of electron and positron from a packet of electromagn...
The total cross-section of the interaction of gamma rays with an atom is equal to the sum of all three mentioned partial cross-sections: σ = σf + σC + σp 1. σf– Photoelectric effect 1. σC– Compton scattering 1. σp– Pair production One of the three partial cross-sections may become much larger than the other two depending on the gamma-ray energy and...
The exponential law will always describe the attenuation of the primary radiation by matter. If secondary particles are produced, or the primary radiation changes its energy or direction, the effective attenuation will be much less. The radiation will penetrate more deeply into matter than is predicted by the exponential law alone. The process must...
The build-up factor is a correction factor that considers the influence of the scattered radiation plus any secondary particles in the medium during shielding calculations. If we want to account for the build-up of secondary radiation, then we have to include the build-up factor. The build-up factor is then a multiplicative factor that accounts for...
Dec 28, 2022 · The electromagnetic spectrum, or EM spectrum, is the name given to the collection of all electromagnetic radiation in the universe. ... (ironic since exposure to radiation including gamma rays can ...
Mar 19, 2020 · Now, let's look at the different kinds of radiation. There are four major types of radiation: alpha, beta, neutrons, and electromagnetic waves such as gamma rays. They differ in mass, energy and how deeply they penetrate people and objects. The first is an alpha particle. These particles consist of two protons and two neutrons and are the ...
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Aug 10, 2016 · Gamma rays have the smallest wavelengths and the most energy of any wave in the electromagnetic spectrum. They are produced by the hottest and most energetic objects in the universe, such as neutron stars and pulsars, supernova explosions, and regions around black holes. On Earth, gamma waves are generated by nuclear explosions, lightning, and ...
