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The value of philosophical questions and critical thinking for understanding the history and philosophy of psychology. Four interrelated themes that summarize the main issues discussed in this chapter: multiple psychologies, reflexive historiography, intersubjective science, and critical thinking. Part 1.
- Early Psychologists
- Structuralism: Introspection and The Awareness of Subjective Experience
- Functionalism and Evolutionary Psychology
- Psychodynamic Psychology
- Behaviourism and The Question of Free Will
- The Cognitive Approach and Cognitive Neuroscience
- Social-Cultural Psychology
- The Many Disciplines of Psychology
- Psychology in Everyday Life: How to Effectively Learn and Remember
- References
The earliest psychologists that we know about are the Greek philosophers Plato (428-347 BC) and Aristotle (384-322 BC). These philosophers (see Figure 1.3) asked many of the same questions that today’s psychologists ask; for instance, they questioned the distinction between nature and nurture and the existence of free will. In terms of the former, ...
Wundt’s research in his laboratory in Leipzig focused on the nature of consciousness itself. Wundt and his students believed that it was possible to analyze the basic elements of the mind and to classify our conscious experiences scientifically. Wundt began the field known asstructuralism, a school of psychology whose goal was to identify the basic...
In contrast to Wundt, who attempted to understand the nature of consciousness, William James and the other members of theschool of functionalism aimed to understand why animals and humans have developed the particular psychological aspects that they currently possess (Hunt, 1993). For James, one’s thinking was relevant only to one’s behaviour. As h...
Perhaps the school of psychology that is most familiar to the general public is the psychodynamic approach to understanding behaviour, which was championed by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) and his followers. Psychodynamic psychology is an approach to understanding human behaviour that focuses on the role of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories....
Although they differed in approach, both structuralism and functionalism were essentially studies of the mind. The psychologists associated with the school of behaviourism, on the other hand, were reacting in part to the difficulties psychologists encountered when they tried to use introspection to understand behaviour. Behaviourism is a school of ...
Science is always influenced by the technology that surrounds it, and psychology is no exception. Thus it is no surprise that beginning in the 1960s, growing numbers of psychologists began to think about the brain and about human behaviour in terms of the computer, which was being developed and becoming publicly available at that time. The analogy ...
A final school, which takes a higher level of analysis and which has had substantial impact on psychology, can be broadly referred to as the social-cultural approach. The field of social-cultural psychology is the study of how the social situations and the cultures in which people find themselves influence thinking and behaviour. Social-cultural ps...
Psychology is not one discipline but rather a collection of many subdisciplines that all share at least some common approaches and that work together and exchange knowledge to form a coherent discipline (Yang & Chiu, 2009). Because the field of psychology is so broad, students may wonder which areas are most suitable for their interests and which t...
One way that the findings of psychological research may be particularly helpful to you is in terms of improving your learning and study skills. Psychological research has provided a substantial amount of knowledge about the principles of learning and memory. This information can help you do better in this and other courses, and can also help you be...
Aarts, H., Custers, R., & Wegner, D. M. (2005). On the inference of personal authorship: Enhancing experienced agency by priming effect information. Consciousness and Cognition: An International Journal, 14(3), 439–458. Asch, S. E. (1952). Social Psychology. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering. Cambridge: Cambri...
- Charles Stangor, Jennifer Walinga
- 2014
The aim of this article is to address the issue of the future of the historiography of psychology by proposing an alternative but complementary path for the field, which I call a philosophical history of psychology. In order to achieve this goal, I will first present and discuss the emergence of the social turn in the history of psychology ...
This textbook connects the big ideas and key thinkers of psychology and philosophy in a clear and cohesive theoretical narrative. Students are led to understand the relations between different schools of thought, and to connect the various thinkers, theories and facts in psychology’s history. Focusing on the major ideas that have reoccurred ...
- 1MB
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History of Psychology and Philosophy. • Focus: key historical figures from philosophy with an emphasis on their impact on psychology. • Historical Period to be covered: 570BC - 1873AD= 2443yrs! • From Pythagoras to J.S.Mill. • Not an exhaustive list of philosophers.
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Feb 16, 2016 · Explain how psychology changed from a philosophical to a scientific discipline. List some of the most important questions that concern psychologists. Outline the basic schools of psychology and how each school has contributed to psychology.
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Mar 18, 2022 · The authors demonstrate that psychology is both a human (e.g. psychoanalytic or phenomenological) and natural (e.g. cognitive) science, exploring broad social-historical and philosophical themes such as the role of diverse cultures and women in psychology and the complex relationship between objectivity and subjectivity in the development of ...
