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Collusion reflects and reinforces conflicting norms that are specific to social environments where racism thrives covertly—that is, where explicit norms denounce phenotypic privilege, while implicit norms sustain it.
- Helen Lauer
- 2016
As we have seen, it is difficult to discuss prejudice in general or racism specifically without moving into issues of institutionalized prejudice, media representations, school and government policies, and so on.
Systemic racism operates with or without intention and with or without awareness. But because these responses are based on socially defined racial categories, they are racialized, and because they are negative, they reveal the roots of racism.
Mar 1, 2024 · Explicit attitudes are also partly acquired through environmental/cultural learning. Therefore, discriminatory responses can occur without intention, even when counter to deliberative unbiased beliefs.
Jan 1, 2015 · Like individual racism, institutional racism can be either overt or covert; the former is always intentional whereas the latter is either intentional or unintentional. Unlike some individuals, however, institutions seldom can remain anonymous about their racially based practices.
Jul 12, 2024 · Insidious racists are conscious of their racist beliefs, they engage in intentional acts of racism, and yet, they hold value in not being deemed racist by American society. In this article I...
Although overt expressions of prejudice and discrimination sharply declined, progress in reducing racial inequality was highly uneven, leaving especially large racial gaps in employment, housing, wealth, health, and criminal justice.
