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epinephrine and thyroxine increase heart rate. electrolyte imbalances pose threat to heart. reduced levels of ionic calcium in the blood depress the heart, excessive blood calcium causes prolonged contractions that heart can stop entirely. excesses or a lack of needed ions such as sodium and potassium modify heart activity. a deficit of potassium ions in the blood cause heart beat feebly, and ...
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The shape of the heart is similar to a pinecone, rather broad at the superior surface and tapering to the apex (see Figure 19.2). A typical heart is approximately the size of your fist: 12 cm (5 in) in length, 8 cm (3.5 in) wide, and 6 cm (2.5 in) in thickness.
- Heart Anatomy
- Heart Wall
- Cardiac Conduction
- Cardiac Cycle
- Valves
The structure of the heart has four chambers: 1. Atria: Upper two chambers of the heart. 2. Ventricles: Lower two chambers of the heart.
The structure of the heart wallconsists of three layers: 1. Epicardium: The outer layer of the wall of the heart. 2. Myocardium: The muscular middle layer of the wall of the heart. 3. Endocardium: The inner layer of the heart.
Cardiac conduction is the rate at which the heart conducts electrical impulses. Heart nodes and nerve fibers play an important role in causing the heart to contract. 1. Atrioventricular Bundle: A bundle of fibers that carry cardiac impulses. 2. Atrioventricular Node: A section of nodal tissue that delays and relays cardiac impulses. 3. Purkinje Fib...
The Cardiac cycleis the sequence of events that occurs when the heart beats. Below are the two phases of the cardiac cycle: 1. Diastole phase: The heart ventricles are relaxed and the heart fills with blood. 2. Systole phase: The ventricles contract and pump blood to the arteries.
Valves are flap-like structures of the heart that allow blood to flow in one direction. Below are the four valves of the heart: 1. Aortic valve: Prevents the backflow of blood as it is pumped from the left ventricle to the aorta. 2. Mitral valve: Prevents the backflow of blood as it is pumped from the left atrium to the left ventricle. 3. Pulmonary...
The heart is a muscular organ situated in the mediastinum.It consists of four chambers, four valves, two main arteries (the coronary arteries), and the conduction system. The left and right sides of the heart have different functions: the right side receives de-oxygenated blood through the superior and inferior venae cavae and pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary artery, and the left ...
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Nov 3, 2023 · The blood flow through the heart is quite logical. It happens with the heart cycle, which consists of the periodical contraction and relaxation of the atrial and ventricular myocardium (heart muscle tissue). Systole is the period of contraction of the ventricular walls, while the period of ventricular relaxation is known as diastole.