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Jan 1, 2015 · Environmental science is defined as an interdisciplinary academic field that integrates various academic fields (particularly sciences) to study the structure and function of our life-supporting ...
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Environmental education and the science-technology-society movement came into being at about the same time and in response to a similar concern: Education must do more to develop an informed citizenry capable of making decisions about current problems, particularly issues involving science and technology.
- Kathleen B. de Bettencourt
- 2000
a dual nature with respect to the environment: Technology has had an unprecedented impact on the environment, primarily through productivity increases that enabled sub stantial expansion of output (and consumption). Simultaneously, however, technological changes have also enhanced technological and economic capacities for remedies. Positive
Apr 2, 2018 · Environmental Science and Technology is organized into six major areas; one for each of the five spheres and one introductory section that explains the fundamentals of chemistry, biology, biochemistry, and environmental chemistry. Throughout the book, the relationships between the five spheres and their connections to the sciences are emphasized
- Abstract
- 2.2. Production functions, productivity growth, and biased technological change
- T (Y,I,t) 0,
- 7 Typically, for there to be environmental impacts of a new technology, a fourth step is required – utilization, but that is not part of the process of technological change per se. Thus, for example, a new type of hybrid motor vehicle engine might be invented, which emits fewer pollutants per mile; the same or another firm might commercialize this engine and place the innovation in new cars available for purchase on the market; individuals might purchase (or adopt) these cars, leading to diffusion of the new technology; and finally, by driving these cars instead of others (utilization), aggregate pollutant emissions might be reduced. Conversely, if higher efficiency and the resulting reduced marginal cost causes users to increase utilization, then the emissions reduction associated with higher efficiency may be partially or totally offset by higher utilization.
- Y f (K,L,E t),
- 3.2.1. Categories of environmental policy instruments and criteria for comparison
- 3.3. Induced innovation and optimal environmental policy
- 4.1.1. Increasing returns and technology lock-in
- 5. Conclusion
- Acknowledgements
Environmental policy discussions increasingly focus on issues related to technological change. This is partly because the environmental consequences of social activity are fre-quently affected by the rate and direction of technological change, and partly because environmental policy interventions can themselves create constraints and incentives tha...
The measurement of the rate and direction of technological change rests fundamentally on the concept of the transformation function,
(1) where Y represents a vector of outputs, I represents a vector of inputs, and t is time. Equation (1) describes a production possibility frontier, that is, a set of combinations of inputs and outputs that are technically feasible at a point in time. Technological change is represented by movement of this frontier that makes it possible over time...
In most applications, separability and aggregation assumptions are made that make it possible to represent the economy’s production technology with a production function,
; (2) where Y is now a scalar measure of aggregate output (for example, gross domestic prod-uct), and the list of inputs on the right-hand side of the production function can be made arbitrarily long. For illustrative purposes, we conceive of output as being made from a single composite of capital goods, K, a single composite of labor inputs, L, an...
For purposes of examining the link between environmental policy instruments and technological change, policies can be characterized as either command-and-control or market-based approaches. Market-based instruments are mechanisms that encourage 26 Whereas we focus in this section of the chapter on the effects of environmental policy instruments on ...
Though the magnitude of induced innovation effects remains uncertain, a few re-searchers have begun to explore the consequences of induced innovation for environ-mental policy. Section 3.2, above, addressed the important question of how considera-tions related to induced innovation affect the normative choice among different policy instruments. In ...
Increasing returns to adoption – in the form of learning curves and positive adoption externalities – are a significant feature of market penetration processes for many tech-nologies. Learning-by-doing describes how cumulative production experience with a product leads to reduced production costs, while learning-by-using captures how the value of a...
In opening this chapter, we suggested that an understanding of the process of technolog-ical change is important for economic analysis of environmental issues for two broad 70 Another potential explanation arises where the benefits and costs of a project are born by different units of a firm. Under such circumstances, projects that are good for the...
We are grateful for valuable research assistance from Lori Snyder and helpful com-ments from Ernst Berndt, Karl-Göran Mäler, Lawrence Goulder, Nathaniel Keohane, Charles Kolstad, Ian Parry, Steven Polasky, David Popp, Vernon Ruttan, Manuel Tra-jtenberg, Jeffrey Vincent, and David Zilberman, but the authors alone are responsible for all remaining er...
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Check Your Progress 1. 1. The word ‘environment’ is most commonly used to describe nature and means the sum of all living and non-living things that surround an organism or group of organisms. The environment includes all elements, factors, and conditions that impact certain organisms’ growth and development.
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Dec 1, 2021 · STS as a whole studies the. production, organization, dissemination, and impacts of science, technology and techno-. scientific knowled ge. Environmental STS studies techno-scientific institutions ...
