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Mar 27, 2024 · The basal body, an intricate structure situated at the base of the flagellum, plays a pivotal role in anchoring the flagellum to the cell membrane and orchestrating its movement. This foundational component not only offers structural reinforcement to the flagellum but also houses the motor proteins responsible for generating the torque essential for the flagellum’s rotational dynamics.
Oct 22, 2024 · The helical structure of the flagellum is pivotal in this process, as it creates a wave-like motion that pushes against the liquid, propelling the cell forward. This movement is not merely a straightforward propulsion but involves a sophisticated control system that allows the organism to navigate its surroundings.
Jun 11, 2024 · Flagella are important features in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotic cells, showcasing a variety of diversity in structure and function. Explore more of the mechanisms of flagellar movement, their roles in microbial biology, and their significance in understanding cellular motility and adaptation in diverse environments.
- Structure of Flagellum
- Flagella Formation Mechanism
- Types of Flagella
- Bacterial Flagella Arrangement
- Functions of Flagella
- Examples of Flagella
- References
The size structure and number of flagella are different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Even within prokaryotes, the bacterial flagellum is different from archaeal flagellum. Similarly, the composition and mechanism of flagella formation are also different and diverse. However, the basic structure of a flagellum consists of some structures that are ...
The process of flagella formation and assembly begins with the formation of the FliF ring complex in the basal body. The process occurs in the cytoplasmic membrane and proceeds both inwards and outwards. Most of the studies related to the process of formation and assembly of the flagellum have been done on bacteria. As the flagellum comprises a com...
1. Bacterial flagella
1. Bacterial flagella are helically coiled structures that are slightly longer than the archaeal and eukaryotic flagella. 2. They are thinner than eukaryotic flagella. 3. The diameter is around 20 nanometers. 4. The number of flagella in bacteria depends on different species that are primarily involved in locomotion. In some cases, the flagella can act as sensory structures and detect changes occurring in the environment. 5. The length of the flagella might also be different as the filaments...
2. Archaeal flagella
1. Flagellum in archaea is a unique motility apparatus that is different in composition but similar in assembly to bacterial flagellum. 2. Flagella occur in almost all the main groupings of the domains like halophiles, methanogens, and thermophiles. 3. Archaeal flagella are different from bacterial flagella in diameter as archaeal filaments are thinner. 4. The proteins in the flagella are arranged in a right-handed helix, resulting in the clockwise rotation of the flagella. The speed of the a...
3. Eukaryotic flagella
1. Flagella in eukaryotes commonly occur in many algae and some animal cells like sperms. 2. Eukaryotic flagella are mostly associated with cell motility, cell feeding, and reproduction in eukaryotic animals. In some algae, these also function as sensory antennae. 3. Eukaryotic flagella are different from bacterial flagella in architecture, composition, mechanism, and assembly. Eukaryotic flagella are composed of several hundred different proteins, whereas bacterial flagella contain about 30...
1. Monotrichous
1. The monotrichous arrangement of flagella is the presence of a single flagellum in each cell. If the flagellum is present at the polar end, it is called a monotrichous polar distribution. 2. The mechanism of movement of monotrichous flagella is simple and coordinated by different chemoreceptors that induce motility of the cell. 3. Different sensory receptors can sense changes in the environment resulting in a transmembrane electrochemical gradient of ions which powers the bacteria flagella...
2. Lophotrichous
1. Lophotrichous arrangement of flagella is the presence of multiple flagella at the same point in the cell. Most of the time, these flagella occur at the polar end of the cell. 2. The bases of these flagella are often surrounded by a region of the cell membrane called the polar organelle. 3. The mechanism of movement of lophotrichous flagella is similar to that of monotrichous flagella in that it is induced by various changes in the surrounding environment. 4. As there are multiple flagella...
3. Amphitrichous
1. Amphitrichous distribution of flagella is the presence of either a single flagellum or multiple flagella at either polar ends of the cell. 2. In the case of multiple flagella at the ends, the flagella are present at a region of the cell membrane called the polar organelle. 3. As compared to the mechanism of movement of other arrangements of flagella, not much is known about the working of the amphitrichous arrangement. 4. Different studies have indicated that the two flagella operate diffe...
Flagella are the primary structures of locomotion in many bacteria so that bacteria can move towards the most favorable environment. The movement of bacteria occurs in response to various stimuli w...Flagella play an important role in the colonization of tissue surfaces as a virulence factor to invade host tissue and develop within them.These are also important for non-pathogenic colonization of surfaces like a plant, soil, or animal surfaces.In some bacteria, flagella are involved in the nutrient and waste exchange by disturbing the nutrient-poor, waste-rich shell present within the bacteria.1. Flagella in Helicobacter pylori
1. Helicobacter pyloriis a flagellated bacterium that uses the flagella for its propulsion through the tissue surface. 2. The bacteria contain about 4-8 unipolar flagella important virulence factors for different diseases caused by the bacteria. 3. H. pyloriflagella result in swimming motility or swarming motility as they can move through the liquid and semisolid media. 4. The flagella influence different physiological activities of the cell-like inflammation, immune evasion, and colonization...
2. Flagellum in human sperm cell
1. The flagellum in a sperm cell is essential for motility and in vivo fertilization in humans. 2. Failure to propel the cell and move the flagella might result in the loss of fertilization during sexual reproduction in humans. 3. The core of the flagella is composed of microtubules arranged in a 9+2 arrangement with structures like dynein regulatory complex, radial spokes, and dynein arms. 4. It is also important for the penetration of sperm into the egg during fertilization as it orients th...
Lodish H, Berk A, Zipursky SL, et al. Molecular Cell Biology. 4th edition. New York: W. H. Freeman; 2000. Section 19.4, Cilia and Flagella: Structure and Movement. Available from: https://www.ncbi....Nikhil A. Thomas, Sonia L. Bardy, Ken F. Jarrell, The archaeal flagellum: a different kind of prokaryotic motility structure, FEMS Microbiology Reviews, Volume 25, Issue 2, April 2001, Pages 147–17...Vonderviszt F, Namba K. Structure, Function and Assembly of Flagellar Axial Proteins. In: Madame Curie Bioscience Database [Internet]. Austin (TX): Landes Bioscience; 2000-2013. Available from: htt...Samatey, F., Matsunami, H., Imada, K. et al.Structure of the bacterial flagellar hook and implication for the molecular universal joint mechanism. Nature431, 1062–1068 (2004). https://doi.org/10.10...Sep 9, 2024 · Structure of Sperm Flagellum. The sperm flagellum is similar in structure to eukaryotic flagella found in other organisms but is uniquely adapted to its function of propulsion to reach and fertilize the egg. The flagellum extends from the sperm cell’s body and is divided into several parts: Neck: Connects the head of the sperm to the flagellum.
Oct 24, 2024 · This article delves into various aspects of flagella, from structural composition to the processes governing their function and assembly. Flagellar Structure and Function. The flagellum is a complex, helical structure that extends from the cell body, primarily composed of the protein flagellin.
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Jul 12, 2024 · Structure and Function of Flagella. Flagella are intricate, whip-like appendages that extend from the cell body, enabling movement through liquid environments. These structures are composed of three main parts: the filament, the hook, and the basal body. The filament, a long helical structure, is primarily made of a protein called flagellin.
