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3.3 Internal energy 18 3.4 Functions of state vs functions of path 19 3.5 Definition of work & heat 20 3.6 Constructing new thermodynamical quantities 21 4 Thermodynamical processes & Carnot engine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 4.1 Quasi-static & reversible processes 23 4.2 The Carnot cycle 25 4.3 The Carnot engine 27
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(a.k.a. ‘heat’ in modern language). Rumford had observed that cannons were heated by friction during boring, which showed that mechanical work could be turned into heat, but it was Joule who was the first to perform a careful experiment which determined the mechanical equivalent of heat, using a paddle wheel apparatus. ⇤with caution ...
Heat, Temperature, and Thermal Energy • Thermal energy Eth is an energy of the system due to the motion of its atoms and molecules. Any system has a thermal energy even if it is isolated and not interacting with its environment. The units of Eth are Joules. • Heat Q is energy transferred between the system and
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- THERMODYNAMICS TERMS
- completely isolated system
- ABSOLUTE ZERO EXPERIMENT SETUP
- ZEROTH LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
- JOULE'S APPARATUS
- GENERAL PROCESS
- THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY
- THERMAL RADIATION
- SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
- ENTROPY
thermodynamics - that branch of physics which deals with heat and tem-perature (also called thermal physics) system - a definite quantity of matter enclosed by boundaries (real or imaginary) open system - a system, into or out of which mass may be transferred closed system - a system for which there is no transfer of mass across the boundaries temp...
a system for which there is no transfer of heat a system for which there is no transfer of mass or heat energy across its boundaries (thermally isolated and closed)
Four pressures of a constant volume of air were recorded for four known temperature environments into which the contained air was immersed.
If two systems A and B are in thermal equilibrium with a third system C, then they will be in thermal equilibrium with each other if placed in thermal con-tact. Two objects in thermal equilibrium with each other are at the same temperature. and
Joule's apparatus employed a falling weight, in which gravity does the mechanical work in spinning a paddle-wheel in an insulated barrel of water. The temperature of the water is in-creased through the viscous dissipation of me-chanical energy which is converted into heat energy.
In any general processthat an ideal gas is taken through the three thermody-namic quantities Q, W, and ΔE can always be given by:
The rate P at which heat is conducted through slab of material (in W or Btu/h) with cross-sectional area A and thickness L whose faces L are maintained at temperatures TH and TC is given by: A = kA(TH - TC)/L where k is the thermal conductivity of the material of the slab (measured in W/m.°C or Btu/h.ft.°F). TH TC
The rate P of radiant energy loss (watts) from the surface of an object with surface area A and surface temperature T is given by:
Kelvin-Planck formulation: It is impossible to construct a heat engine that, operating in a cycle, produces no effect other than the input of energy by heat from a reservoir and the performance of an equal amount of work. Clausius statement: It is impossible to construct a cyclical machine whose sole effect is to transfer energy continuously by hea...
Entropy (S) is a quantity describing the disorder of a system. It has dimen-sions of heat energy per temperature (cal/K or J/K). It is equal to the Boltzmann constant (kB) times the natural log of the total number of ways (W) in which the system can arrange itself consistent with energy being conserved. S = kBlnW Entropy is an extensive physical qu...
into doing work. This statement of energy conservation is the first law of thermodynamics, which is defined more formally below. Related End-of-Chapter Exercises: 1 and 13. The first law of thermodynamics is a statement of energy conservation as it relates to a thermodynamic system. Heat, which is energy transferred into or out of a system, can be
1. Temperature and heat 2. Thermal expansion 3. Heat capacity and latent heat 4. Methods of heat transfer 5. Ideal gases and the kinetic theory model 6, 7. The first law of thermodynamics 8, 9. 2nd Law of Thermodynamics and entropy 10. Heat engines, and Review
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5 The altar is a large airtight box, with a pipe leading from it to another enclosed container filled with water. When the fire is set on top of the altar, the air in the box heats up and expands into a second
