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Direct and Indirect speech with rules and examples. In English, to report someone's words or their own words, you can use direct or indirect speech. These may include statements, questions, orders, advice... When moving from direct to indirect style, it is often necessary to change personal pronouns, demonstrative and possessive pronouns ...
Transform the following sentences from direct speech into reported speech: 1. “I am always in a bad mood on Monday mornings,” said Brian. _____ 2. “They were working last week,” she said. _____ 3. “I have been to Zimbabwe,” said Evelyn.
- PHRASES, CLAUSES, AND SENTENCES
- The Phrase
- The Prepositional Phrase
- The participial phrase
- The gerund phrase
- The infinitive phrase
- Split infinitives
- Types of Clauses
- Independent clauses
- Erica brushed her long, raven hair.
- Beginning sentences with coordinating conjunctions
- Subordinate clauses
- Relative clauses
- Noun clauses
- Pronoun case in subordinate clause
- Adverbial clauses
- The Sentence
- Subject and predicate
- Expressing a complete thought
- He jumped.
- When he jumped high into the air.
- Old-growth forests in the United States are disappearing, and citizens must act. (two independent clauses joined by and)
- Chapter Checkout
Chapter Check-In ❑ Recognizing phrases ❑ Identifying independent and subordinate clauses ❑ Understanding sentences and phrases are the building blocks of sentences. A phrase is a group of words that act as a part of speech but cannot stand alone as a sentence. Clauses are groups of words that have a subject and a predi-cate. Independent clauses exp...
A phrase is any group of related words that, unlike a sentence, has no subject-predicate combination. The words in a phrase act together so that the phrase itself functions as a single part of speech. For example, some phrases act as nouns, some as verbs, some as adjectives or adverbs. Remem-ber that phrases can’t stand alone as sentences. The chan...
The most common phrase is the prepositional phrase. You’ll find these phrases everywhere—in sentences, clauses, and even in other phrases. Each prepositional phrase begins with a preposition (in, of, by, from, for, etc.; see Chapter 5 for a more complete list) and includes a noun or pronoun that is the object of the preposition. in the room of the ...
A participial phrase begins with a past or present participle and is fol-lowed by its objects and modifiers. Like participles alone, participial phrases are used as adjectives. Sniffing the fresh air, Jim realized he had found paradise. In the preceding sentence, the present participle sniffing introduces the participial phrase, which includes the ...
At first, a gerund phrase may look like a participial phrase because gerund phrases begin with the -ing form of a verb (riding, seeing, talking, etc.) and have objects and modifiers. But a gerund phrase always acts as a noun in a sentence, not as an adjective. Like other nouns, a gerund phrase can serve as the subject of a sentence, the object of a...
An infinitive phrase contains an infinitive (for example, to sleep, to have slept, to consider, to throw) and its objects and modifiers. Infinitive phrases usually function as nouns, though they can be used as adjectives and adverbs. In this sentence, To sleep all night is an infinitive phrase acting as a noun. It is the subject of this sentence. T...
Breaking up an infinitive with one or more adverbs is called splitting an infinitive. Splitting an infinitive isn’t considered the grammatical sin it used to be, but most careful writers still don’t split infinitives unless they have a reason to do so. They taught her to spend money wisely. NOT They taught her to wisely spend money. Sometimes, howe...
Like a phrase, a clause is a group of related words, but unlike a phrase, a clause has a subject and predicate. An independent clause, along with hav-ing a subject and predicate, expresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence. On the contrary, a subordinate or dependent clause does not express a complete thought and therefore is not...
He saw her; The Washingtons hurried home, Free speech has a price. Gram-matically complete statements like these are sentences and can stand alone. When they are part of longer sentences, they are referred to as indepen-dent (or main) clauses. Two or more independent clauses can be joined by using coordinating con-junctions (and, but, for, nor, or,...
Here, the coordinating conjunction and joins two independent clauses: Fernando left, and Erica brushed her long, raven hair. Here, a semicolon joins two independent clauses: Fernando left; Erica brushed her long, raven hair. All sentences must include at least one independent clause. After she told Fernando to leave, Erica brushed her long, raven h...
Any of the coordinating conjunctions (and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet) can be used to join an independent clause to another independent clause. But can you begin a sentence with one of these conjunctions? No one knew what to do. But everyone agreed that something should be done. An old rule says that you shouldn’t. But beginning a sentence with a c...
A subordinate clause has a subject and predicate but, unlike an inde-pendent clause, cannot stand by itself. It depends on something else to express a complete thought, which is why it is also called a dependent clause. Some subordinate clauses are introduced by relative pronouns (who, whom, that, which, what, whose) and some by subordinating conju...
A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun and functions as an adjective. Chapter 6: Phrases, Clauses, and Sentences 61 In the following sentence, the relative pronoun that is the subject of its clause and won is the predicate. This clause couldn’t stand by itself. Its role in the complete sentence is to modify novel, the subject of the in...
A noun clause serves as a noun in a sentence. What I want for dinner is a hamburger. (subject of the predicate is) The host told us how he escaped. (object of the predicate told) The vacation is what I need most. (complement of the linking verb is) Give it to whoever arrives first. (object of the preposition to)
Who, whom, whoever, whomever. In deciding which case of who you should use in a clause, remember this important rule: The case of the pronoun is governed by the role it plays in its own clause, not by its relation to the rest of the sentence. Choosing the right case of pronoun can be especially con-fusing because the pronoun may appear to have more...
Many subordinate clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions called adverbial clauses. Examples of these conjunctions are because, unless, if, when, and although. For a more complete list, see Chapter 5. What these conjunctions have in common is that they make the clauses that follow them unable to stand alone. The clauses act as adverbs, answeri...
The standard definition of a sentence is that it is a group of words con-taining a subject and a predicate and expressing a complete thought. But for this definition to be helpful, you must be able to recognize a subject and a predicate and understand what is meant by “a complete thought.”
A sentence has a subject (what or whom the sentence is about) and a pred-icate. The predicate tells what the subject does or is or what is done to the subject (for example, The books were left outside). The simple subject is a noun or pronoun. The complete subject is this noun or pronoun and the words that modify it. The simple predicate is a verb ...
In addition to having a subject and predicate, a sentence must be able to stand on its own. It can’t depend on something else to express a complete thought. Look at the following examples.
This is a grammatically complete sentence, though perhaps not an inter-esting one. It has a subject (he) and a predicate (jumped). It expresses a complete thought—you know what happened. You might want to know more about the person—who he is or why he jumped, for example. You might want to know more about the jump itself—when it occurred, how high ...
The next example is a complete sentence again. The question “What hap-pened when he jumped?” has been answered: he looked as if he were flying. Even if the phrase high into the air were to be deleted, the thought would be complete. When he jumped high into the air, he looked as if he were flying.
A complex sentence contains one independent clause and one or more subordinate clauses. Because old growth forests in the United States are fast disappearing, cit-izens must act now. (Because old growth forests in the United States are fast disappearing = subordinate clause beginning with subordinating conjunction; citizens must act now = independe...
Q&A Identify the following underlined phrases as prepositional phrase, par-ticipial phrase, gerund phrase, or infinitive phrase. Dreaming about mice is my cat Mocha’s favorite hobby. Kevin wants to make the world a better place. Lying on his bed, Richard felt better. Ted sneezed in church. Dr. Tucker planned to have read that book. Identify the fun...
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- NOUN. noun is a word (other than a pronoun) used to identify any of a class of people, animals, places, things, ideas. Nouns are separated into common nouns and proper nouns.
- PRONOUN. A pronoun is a word that can replace a noun in a sentence. Personal Pronouns: The words I, you, he, she, it, we and they are called personal pronouns.
- VERB. A word used to describe an action, state, or occurrence, and forming the main part of the predicate of a sentence, such as hear, become, happen, run, eat.
- ADJECTIVE. An adjective is a describing word. Adjective describes a noun or a pronoun. The red carpet. Deep thoughts. A busy street. She is beautiful today.
This book is centered on giving you the phrases and ideas you need to talk about each subject in an everyday setting. Each section has common phrases and questions used to talk about a central topic. It also includes example sentences to help you further your understanding.
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Mixed-up Sentences. Reading. Rearrange the words in the sentences in their proper order. Don’t forget to use capital letters and punctuation marks wherever necessary. (Find the correct answers at the bottom of the page.)
The twenty-three lessons in this e-book are dedicated to learning how three types of subordinate clauses—adverb, adjective, and noun—are added to independent clauses to create complex sentences. Here is one common way to categorize sentences: simple. compound.
