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This article outlines three key problems of psychology (poor definitions of study phenomena, lack of unified theoretical frameworks, and an allegedly lower level of scientificity) that are frequently discussed and at the centre of Zagaria, Andò and Zennaro’s (2020) review.
As behavioral science, psychology is a peculiar science. To begin with, it deals with interactive realities (not naturally fixed), which can be influenced by the research process itself. Objects of the behavioral sciences are themselves interactive subjects, beings if there ever were any.
- Matter: The First Dimension of Behavioral Complexity
- Life: The Second Dimension of Behavioral Complexity
- Mind: The Third Dimension of Behavioral Complexity
- Culture: The Fourth Dimension of Behavioral Complexity
In physics, matter refers to any entity that has mass and takes up space. When capitalized and placed in the context of the ToK System, Matter refers to the first dimension of behavioral complexity and denotes the emergence of the energy-matter-space-time grid following the Big Bang. Consistent with modern cosmology, the ToK System characterizes th...
Life is the second dimension of behavioral complexity on the ToK System. Although there is a significant probability that life may exist elsewhere in the universe (see, e.g., Frank and Sullivan III 2016), the ToK System maps our current knowledge of the empirically documented universe. The best scientific evidence suggests that planet earth formed ...
The ToK System jolts us out of the now well-documented Cartesian error (Damasio 1994) of equating the concept of “mind” with human self-consciousness and rationality. Instead, the structure of the ToK highlights that the proper conception of the mental is to align it with the animal kingdom, most notably animals with brains and complex adaptive bod...
The behavior of people in socio-linguistic contexts is called Culture on the ToK. Like Life and Mind, Culture is capitalized here to refer to a specific dimension of behavioral complexity. It refers to the shared, socially constructed reality of human persons, and their systems of verbal communication and propositional meaning making. It is importa...
- Gregg Henriques, Joseph Michalski
- 2020
Jun 29, 2021 · Key points. Bias among liberal social scientists may explain—at least in part—various false positive findings and failed interventions. Psychology professors reported that they would be punished...
May 22, 2021 · It doesn't help that some will argue that psychology is not an empirical science, after all. It is perceived as a semantic debate that depends on how science and psychology are respectively...
Jul 22, 2024 · Psychology is more visible than ever, but are we prioritizing science or trends? Discover the importance of evidence-based practice and the risks of ignoring rigorous research.
Research psychologists use scientific methods to create new knowledge about the causes of behavior, whereas psychologist-practitioners, such as clinical, counseling, industrial-organizational, and school psychologists, use existing research to enhance the everyday life of others.
