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The Elmira system classified and separated various types of prisoners, gave them individualized treatment emphasizing vocational training and industrial employment, used indeterminate sentences, rewarded good behaviour, and paroled inmates under supervision.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
When New York's Elmira Reformatory opened in 1876, it rejected 19th century penology's holy trinity of silence, obedience and labor. Elmira's goal would be reform of the convict, and its methods would be psychological rather than physical.
May 15, 2014 · By the time World War I began, electricity was in use worldwide (though it was still not as common as it is today). For the first time ever, military leaders were able to conduct mass troop ...
Aug 8, 2010 · The alliance system was a network of treaties, agreements and ententes that were negotiated and signed prior to 1914. 2. National tensions and rivalries have made alliances a common feature of European politics, however the alliance system became particularly extensive in the late 1800s.
By the time WWI began, electricity was in use in major cities worldwide. The electric telegraph, the telephone, wireless radio, and the lightbulb would completely change how the world would conduct warfare. At the outbreak of WWI, each side had many different communication options.
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Vulnerable Communication on the Ground. On the ground, signalers used a variety of devices and methods to send messages. Telephones were reliable, but their long, strung-out wires were vulnerable to shellfire and frequently cut.
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Jun 16, 2014 · The direction-finding system, which relied on very sensitive receivers, was developed by Captain Henry Joseph 'HJ' Round (1881-1966) of British Military Intelligence, on secondment from the Marconi Company, where he had worked since 1902.
