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Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Pollination, Self-pollination, Cross-pollination and more.
Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like What does "gymnosperm" stand for?, How does it reproduce?, What is a seed? How are they formed? and more.
ovules / ova. These are produced in female cones. reproduction in gymnosperms. Pollen transfers from male cone to female ovule cone for pollination. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like gymnosperm, True, True and more.
All gymnosperms are heterosporous. The male and female reproductive organs can form in cones or strobili. Male and female sporangia are produced either on the same plant, described as monoecious (“one home” or bisexual), or on separate plants, referred to as dioecious (“two homes” or unisexual) plants.
- Conifers
- Cycads
- Gingkophytes
- Gnetophytes
Conifers are the dominant phylum of gymnosperms, with the greatest variety of species (Figure 2). Typical conifers are tall trees that bear scale-like or needle-like leaves. Water evaporation from leaves is reduced by their narrow shape and a thick cuticle. Snow easily slides off needle-shaped leaves, keeping the snow load light, thus reducing brok...
Cycadsthrive in mild climates, and are often mistaken for palms because of the shape of their large, compound leaves. Cycads bear large strobili or cones (Figure 3), and may be pollinated by beetles rather than wind, which is unusual for a gymnosperm. Large cycads dominated the landscape during the age of dinosaurs in the Mesozoic, but only a hundr...
The single surviving species of the ginkgophytes group is Ginkgo biloba (Figure 4). Its fan-shaped leaves—unique among seed plants because they feature a dichotomous venation pattern—turn yellow in autumn and fall from the tree. For centuries, G. bilobawas cultivated by Chinese Buddhist monks in monasteries, which ensured its preservation. It is pl...
The phylogenetic position of the gnetophytes is not currently resolved. Their possession of vessel elements suggests they are the closest relative to modern angiosperms. However, molecular analysis places them closer to the conifers. The three living genera are quite dissimilar: Ephedra, Gnetum, and Welwitschia (Figure 5), which may indicate that t...
The two innovative structures of pollen and seed allowed seed plants to break their dependence on water for reproduction and development of the embryo, and to conquer dry land. The pollen grains carry the male gametes of the plant.
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Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like gymnospores, Spermatophytes, How do gymnosperms reproduce? and more.
