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Jul 30, 2022 · Neural, endocrine, and autoregulatory mechanisms affect blood flow, blood pressure, and eventually perfusion of blood to body tissues. Neural mechanisms include the cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata, baroreceptors in the aorta and carotid arteries and right atrium, and associated chemoreceptors that monitor blood levels of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen ions.
- Capillary Exchange
The pressure created by the concentration of colloidal...
- Circulatory Pathways
Virtually every cell, tissue, organ, and system in the body...
- Capillary Exchange
- Introduction
- Rapid Control of Blood Pressure
- Intermediate and Long-Term Regulation of Bp
- Other Regulators of Blood Pressure
- How Do Vasoactive Compounds Change SVR and BP?
- Key Points
- References
Blood pressure (BP) can provide insight into the workings of the heart and vessels of the body. BP is controlled by a variety of complex physiological mechanismswhich allow both short-term adaptation and longer-term maintenance of BP within a normal range. Blood pressure which is too high or too low can lead to a wide range of pathology (e.g. ruptu...
Baroreceptor reflex
The baroreceptor reflexis a neurally-mediated reflex that regulates blood pressure in the short term. This reflex is crucial for maintaining blood pressure throughout the day, and in its absence, even a slight change in posture could lead to significant changes in blood pressure. There are mechanoreceptors known as baroreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus, which constantly monitor the MABP and pulse pressure.1 Increases in arterial pressure result in increased baroreceptor a...
Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is an essential component of blood pressure regulation that acts to increase blood volume and increase systemic vascular resistance.1 This system is dependent on hormonal changes which induce transcription of genes to produce vasoactive proteins, making it aslower means of controlling blood pressure than the baroreceptor reflex.3 The RAAS system starts with renin, a hormone released from granular cells in the juxtaglomerular apparatus, a special...
Antidiuretic hormone
Antidiuretic hormone, also known as vasopressin, is involved in the control of blood pressure. ADH is made by cell bodies located in the hypothalamus and released from the adjacent posterior pituitary.1,6 The following physiological changes trigger ADH release: 1. an increase in plasma osmolarity (detected by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus) 2. a reduction in blood volume 3. an increase in the levels of angiotensin II ADH increases water reabsorption by binding to V2 receptors, subsequently...
Low-pressure baroreceptors
Low-pressure baroreceptors, in contrast to the high-pressure baroreceptors discussed previously, are found in the venous system, atria and pulmonary arteries.3 They respond to changes in plasma volume, modulating blood pressure via various mechanisms.
Atrial natriuretic peptide
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) is a vasoactive peptide released from the atria in response to a rise in atrial pressures, which in turn are linked to venous pressure.6 ANPlowers blood pressure, primarily by vasodilation and the inhibition of sodium reabsorption by the kidney, the latter having a diuretic effect.1.3 This systemincreases sodium excretion in part through the opposition of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, inhibiting renin and aldosterone release.1 ANP has also been sho...
Vasoactive compounds often modify the amount of resistance in the systemic circulation (systemic vascular resistance – SVR) by targeting arterioles, the smallest arterial vessels. The smooth muscle in these vessels contains several receptors, which when bound to, give rise to either of the following responses, depending on receptor type: 1. Stimula...
Blood pressure regulation is a complex process, regulated by several mechanisms that work in unison to maintain homeostasis.Rapid adjustments in blood pressure are typically neurally mediated by the baroreceptor reflex.Intermediate and long term regulation of blood pressure is predominantly mediated by vasoactive compounds.Sherwood L. Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems – 9thEdition. Published in 2016. Available from Cengage Learning.Mulroney S, Myers A, Netter FH, Machado CA, Craig JA, Perkins JA. Netter’s Essential Physiology. Published in 2009. Available from Elsevier Inc.Costanzo LS. Physiology- 6thEdition. Published in 2018. Available from Elsevier.Unknown author. Histology @ Yale: Juxtaglomerular apparatus. Available from: [LINK]Integrated Responses to Low Blood Pressure from Hemorrhage. In response to hemorrhage, the body activates a series of compensatory mechanisms to restore blood pressure: Cardiovascular Response: Similar to dehydration, baroreceptors sense the drop in blood pressure and stimulate the sympathetic nervous system. This increases heart rate ...
Clinical Considerations in Vascular Homeostasis. Any disorder that affects blood volume, vascular tone, or any other aspect of vascular functioning is likely to affect vascular homeostasis as well. That includes hypertension, hemorrhage, and shock. Hypertension and Hypotension. Chronically elevated blood pressure is known clinically as ...
Clinical Considerations in Vascular Homeostasis. Any disorder that affects blood volume, vascular tone, or any other aspect of vascular functioning is likely to affect vascular homeostasis as well. That includes hypertension, hemorrhage, and shock. Hypertension and Hypotension. Chronically elevated blood pressure is known clinically as ...
- Lindsay M. Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Mat...
- 2019
Aug 28, 2023 · In general, an individual’s “blood pressure,” or systemic arterial pressure, refers to the pressure measured within large arteries in the systemic circulation. This number splits into systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Blood pressure is traditionally measured using auscultation with a mercury-tube sphygmomanometer. It is measured in millimeters of mercury and expressed ...
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Oct 31, 2023 · Blood pressure values are universally stated in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). The blood pressure of the systole phase and the diastole phase gives the two readings for blood pressure. For example, the typical value for a resting, healthy adult is 120/80, which indicates a reading of 120 mm Hg during the systole and 80 mm Hg during diastole.
