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1. The force of gravity – an attractive force between objects that have mass. 2. The electromagnetic force – a force between charged objects, which we’ll discuss in the second half of the book). The contact force, and its components the normal force and the force of friction, arise from interactions between tiny objects (e.g., electrons)
Figure 5.2.4: The force exerted by a stretched spring can be used as a standard unit of force. (a) This spring has a length x when undistorted. (b) When stretched a distance Δ x , the spring exerts a restoring force →F restore, which is reproducible. (c) A spring scale is one device that uses a spring to measure force.
Essential Knowledge 3.A.3 A force exerted on an object is always due to the interaction of that object with another object. Essential Knowledge 3.A.4 If one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object always exerts a force of equal magnitude on the first object in the opposite direction.
= 0 N = mg upward force on book exactly cancels downward force on book. How does the table know to exert an upward force that is exactly the right size to cancel the weight of the book? Answer: the table is not perfectly rigid; it is flexible, it is slightly springy. The table is slightly compressed by the weight of the book, and it pushes back ...
Figure 4.4 The force exerted by a stretched spring can be used as a standard unit of force. (a) This spring has a length x when undistorted. (b) When stretched a distance Δx , the spring exerts a restoring force, Frestore , which is reproducible. (c) A spring scale is one device that uses a spring to measure force.
Force is the cause of motion, and motion draws our attention. Motion itself can be beautiful, such as a dolphin jumping out of the water, the flight of a bird, or the orbit of a satellite. The study of motion is called kinematics, but kinematics describes only the way objects move—their velocity and their acceleration.
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With Newton’s Laws we begin the study of how motion occurs in the real world. The study of the causes of motion is called dynamics, or mechanics. The relation between force and acceleration was given by Isaac Newton in his three laws of motion, which form the basis of elementary physics. Though Newton’s formulation of physics had to be ...