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1-2 authors
- APA has strict rules for how to show the author's names in the text of your assignment and in your reference list. You need to check the number of authors you have for your work, and then format your references accordingly: 1-2 authors 3-20 authors More than 20 authors
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- Parenthetical vs. Narrative Citations
- Apa In-Text Citations with Multiple Authors
- No Author, Date Or Page Number
- Multiple Sources in One Parenthesis
- Avoiding Ambiguity in Apa In-Text Citations
- Citing Indirect Sources
- Citing Personal Communication
- General Mentions of Websites and Software
The in-text citation can be placed in parenthesesor naturally integrated into a sentence. 1. Parenthetical: There is a correlation between social media usage and anxiety symptoms in teenagers (Parker, 2019). 2. Narrative: Parker (2019)found a correlation between social media usage and anxiety symptoms in teenagers. The publication year appears dire...
If a work has two authors, separate their names with an ampersand (&) in a parenthetical citation or “and” in a narrative citation. If there are three or more authors, only include the first author’s last name followed by “et al.”, meaning “and others”. Group authors known by their abbreviations (e.g., CDC) are written in full the first time and ar...
No author
If the author of a source is unknown, try to determine if there is an organization or governmentresponsible for creating the content. If so, include its name in the in-text citation (and reference entry). Alternatively, use the source title in place of the author. Italicize the title if it’s italicized in the reference entry (except for court cases, which are italicized in the in-text citation but not the reference entry). Otherwise, enclose it in double quotation marks. Apply title case capi...
No publication date
If the publication date is unknown, write “n.d.” (no date) in the in-text citation.
No page number
Page numbers are only required with direct quotes in APA. If you are quoting from a work that does not have page numbers (e.g., webpages or YouTube videos), you can use an alternative locator, such as: Note that Bible citationsalways use chapter and verse numbers, even when page numbers are available:
If a statement is supported by multiple sources, the in-text citations can be combined in one parenthesis. Order the sources alphabetically, and separate them with a semicolon. When citing multiple works from the same author, list the years of publication separated by a comma.
When in-text citations are ambiguous because they correspond to multiple reference entries, apply the solutions outlined in the table below.
If you want to refer to a source that you have found in another source, you should always try to access the original or primary source. However, if you cannot find the original source, you should cite it through the secondary sourcethat led you to it, using the phrase “as cited in”. If the publication date of the primary source is unknown, include ...
Personal communications, such as phone calls, emails, and interviews, are not included in the reference list because readers can’t access them. The in-text citation is also formatted slightly differently. Include the initials and last name of the person you communicated with, the words “personal communication,” and the exact date in parentheses.
General mentions of a website or software don’t have to be cited with an in-text citation or entry in the reference list. Instead, incorporate relevant information into the running text.
- Use the source title.
- Write “n.d.” for “no date”.
The APA Publication Manual describes how to cite many different kinds of authors and content creators. However, you may occasionally encounter a source or author category that the manual does not describe, making the best way to proceed unclear.
The following rules for handling works by a single author or multiple authors apply to all APA-style references in your reference list, regardless of the type of work (book, article, electronic resource, etc.).
Oct 25, 2024 · Using references in text. For APA, you use the authors' surnames only and the year in text. If you are using a direct quote, you will also need to use a page number. Narrative citations:
- Sharon Bryan
- 2019
Nov 7, 2019 · For a work with up to 20 authors, include all the names in the reference. When the work has 21 or more authors, include only the first 19 names, an ellipsis, and the final name.
Reference citations in text are covered on pages 261-268 of the Publication Manual. What follows are some general guidelines for referring to the works of others in your essay. Note: On pages 117-118, the Publication Manual suggests that authors of research papers should use the past tense or present perfect tense for signal phrases that occur ...
