Search results
Feb 25, 2007 · This manual provides a detailed guide for dugong (Dugong dugon) carcass handling and necropsy procedures. It is intended to be u sed as a resource and training guide for anyone
- Overview
- What is bone-on-bone arthritis?
- Signs and symptoms
- Ways to manage the pain
- Treatment
- Prevention
- Diagnosis
- When to contact a doctor
- Summary
Bone-on-bone arthritis is not a clinical term. However, people may use it to refer to advanced or severe osteoarthritis (OA). At this point, the “wear and tear” or degeneration is severe enough that there is bone-to-bone contact between the joints.
OA is the most common form of arthritis and affects the joints. More than 32.5 million adults in the United States are living with the condition.
The two main causes of OA are joint injury and general wear and tear as people age.
OA is a progressive condition, meaning that it worsens over time.
People use bone-on-bone arthritis to refer to advanced-stage or severe osteoarthritis (OA). Doctors may also call it end-stage OA.
Healthy joints have a layer of tissue, or cartilage, inside. It covers the surface of the bones and allows for smooth gliding of the joint. The joints also contain synovial fluid, which cushions the end of the bones and helps reduce friction with movement.
When a person develops OA, the cartilage thins, and the surface becomes rough. As a result, the joint does not move as smoothly as before.
Over time, the body’s attempts to repair the damage can further affect the joint. For example:
•extra bone can form at the edge of the joints, called osteophytes or bone spurs
•the joint lining can thicken and produce more fluid than usual, making the joint swell up
Those with advanced stage OA will experience pain, swelling, and stiffness at the affected joint. People will also have difficulty moving the affected joint.
A 2022 article notes that a person with advanced stage OA will experience a dull, constant, aching pain. They will also experience intermittent episodes of intense pain, which can affect a person’s ability to engage in daily activities.
According to the United Kingdom’s National Health Service (NHS), the muscle surrounding the affected joint may look smaller and feel weak.
Some people may find the joint buckles when in use.
People can try the following methods to manage the pain associated with advanced-stage OA:
•Using hot therapy: A heating pad or hot pack can help relieve pain and stiffness. People should apply heat to the affected joint 2–3 times a day for 20 minutes. People should be careful not to burn their skin.
•Using cold therapy: A person can apply an ice pack twice a day, for 15–20 minutes at a time. Individuals should check their skin every 5 minutes to ensure they are not getting ice burn.
•Achieving and maintaining a moderate weight: This can help to relieve the pressure on the joints. For those who are overweight or have obesity, losing 1 pound (lb) of weight can reduce the load on the affected joint by 3–6 lb.
•Taking pain medication: Pain relief, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), can help reduce swelling and pain. Examples include ibuprofen and acetaminophen. Doctors may also prescribe pain relief medications at higher strengths.
•Exercising: Although exercising with advanced stage OA may feel uncomfortable, it is important to take part in low impact physical activity, such as swimming, walking, and riding a bike. People can try gentle exercises to reduce pain and swelling. This can include:
Doctors may recommend glucocorticoid injections. The physician will inject the drug, which is a steroid, directly into the joint to ease swelling and pain.
Patient advocacy group, Versus Arthritis, notes that it can take between a few hours and 1 week for the person to feel the effects of the medication. One injection tends to work for around 2 or more months.
It may not be possible to prevent OA from developing. However, those in the early stages of the condition can take measures to slow its progression.
A person should take part in regular exercise but avoid activities that place extra strain on the joints, such as running.
To diagnose advanced-stage OA, a doctor will:
•ask about the symptoms
•examine the affected joint or joints
•perform an X-ray
According to the Arthritis Foundation, people should speak with a doctor if they experience:
•joint symptoms, such as pain or swelling, that last for 3 or more days
•several episodes of joint symptoms in 1 month
Those with OA should speak with a doctor to discuss how they will monitor the progression of their condition.
People use bone-on-bone arthritis to refer to advanced stage OA.
At advanced stage OA, there is very little cartilage left. The bone tissue also thickens and becomes rough, and bone spurs develop. This means that there can be bone-to-bone contact between the joints.
People with advanced stage OA will experience a constant dull ache and intermittent episodes of intense pain.
Although there is no way to reverse the damage, people can take measures to help manage their symptoms, such as applying hot and cold therapy, exercising, and maintaining a moderate weight.
- Amanda Barrell
The dugong (/ ˈ d (j) uː ɡ ɒ ŋ /; Dugong dugon) is a marine mammal. It is one of four living species of the order Sirenia, which also includes three species of manatees.
Despite their solitary nature, Dugongs constantly communicate with one another through a series of echoing chirps, whistles, and barks. Female Dugongs can give birth to one calf per pregnancy and birth every 3 to 7 years over their 70-year lifespan.
A dugong will have its first calf between 6-18 years old. Dugongs are pregnant for 14 months and give birth to live young. They usually only have one calf at a time which is breast-fed for 18 months before it can eat seagrass.
Dugongs can grow up to 3 meters in length and weigh up to 500 kilograms. Female dugongs have their first calf between 4 and 17 years old. They will have one calf about every 3 to 5 years. Very rarely they can have twins. They are pregnant for about 14 months.
People also ask
How long does a dugong Calf Last?
How can we reduce dugong mortality?
How often do dugongs give birth?
How long can a dugong live?
Why are dugongs so expensive?
Dugongs are typically solitary, but mother-calf pairs are common, and loose aggregations can form in areas with plentiful food. Dugongs are relatively quiet but do use vocalizations to communicate.
