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The light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) use stored chemical energy from the light-dependent reactions to “fix” CO 2 and create a product that can be converted into glucose. The ultimate goal of the light-independent reactions (or Calvin cycle) is to assemble a molecule of glucose.
- Glossary
A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of an...
- Leaf Structures
When it comes to photosynthesis, the most important parts of...
- Reactants and Products
The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis—also known...
- Mechanisms of Evolution
The change in peppered moths’ coloration from light to dark,...
- Glossary
In the light-dependent reactions, energy absorbed by sunlight is stored by two types of energy-carrier molecules: ATP and NADPH. The energy that these molecules carry is stored in a bond that holds a single atom to the molecule. For ATP, it is a phosphate atom, and for NADPH, it is a hydrogen atom.
Using the energy carriers formed in the first steps of photosynthesis, the light-independent reactions, or the Calvin cycle, take in CO 2 from the environment. An enzyme, RuBisCO, catalyzes a reaction with CO 2 and another molecule, RuBP.
- Step 1: Excitation of Photosystems with Light Energy and Photolysis of Water
- Step 2: Generation of ATP by Electron Transport Chain
- Step 3: Formation of NADPH
- Alternative Pathway
- Chemical Equation
- Fate of The Products
The function of the light-dependent reaction is to convert light energy into chemical energy within a multi-protein complex called the photosystem, found in the thylakoid membranes. There are two types of photosystems found in most plants: photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII). Each photosystem is made of two components: 1) antenna complex ...
The electrons released from photosystem II enter a chain of proteins known as electron transport chain (ETC). They move from PSII to a small lipid-soluble molecule, plastoquinone (Pq), and then to a protein complex called cytochrome b6f. The electrons are finally transferred to a copper-containing protein called plastocyanin (Pc) before being accep...
This stage is the final step of the light-dependent reaction during which high energy electrons released from PSI travel a short second leg of the electron transport chain. Here, the electrons are first transferred to an iron-containing protein called ferredoxin (Fd) and then to a reducing agent, NADP, to form NADPH. This type of electron transport...
Sometimes plants follow an alternative path of electron transport called cyclic photophosphorylation. This term is named so because electrons released from PSI move along a circular path before returning to the same photosystem. Cyclic photophosphorylation does not involve PSII and produces only the ATP, stopping the production of NADPH.
2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2+ 2NADPH + 3ATP Reactants 1. H2O 2. NADP 3. ADP + Pi End Products 1. O2 2. NADPH 3. ATP
The energy-carrier molecules, ATP, and NADPH produced in the light reaction are used in the second phase of photosynthesis or the Calvin cycle to assemble sugar molecules.
The Calvin cycle, or the light-independent reactions, is the term used for the reactions of photosynthesis that use the energy stored by the light-dependent reactions to form glucose and other carbohydrate molecules (Figure 6.13).
May 12, 2018 · Light-independent reactions are four chemical reactions that take place during the latter part of photosynthesis and that are independent of light.
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Jan 4, 2024 · The Light-Dependent Reaction. Light energy is used to breakdown water in a reaction known as photolysis; this produces hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen in the thylakoid lumen. A proton gradient is formed as the photolysis of water results in a high concentration of hydrogen ions in the thylakoid lumen.
