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The light-independent reactions (Calvin cycle) use stored chemical energy from the light-dependent reactions to “fix” CO 2 and create a product that can be converted into glucose. The ultimate goal of the light-independent reactions (or Calvin cycle) is to assemble a molecule of glucose.
- Glossary
A cell is the basic structural and functional unit of an...
- Leaf Structures
When it comes to photosynthesis, the most important parts of...
- Reactants and Products
The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis—also known...
- Mechanisms of Evolution
The change in peppered moths’ coloration from light to dark,...
- Glossary
Using the energy carriers formed in the first steps of photosynthesis, the light-independent reactions, or the Calvin cycle, take in CO 2 from the environment. An enzyme, RuBisCO, catalyzes a reaction with CO 2 and another molecule, RuBP.
The Calvin cycle, or the light-independent reactions, is the term used for the reactions of photosynthesis that use the energy stored by the light-dependent reactions to form glucose and other carbohydrate molecules (Figure 6.13).
- Step 1: Excitation of Photosystems with Light Energy and Photolysis of Water
- Step 2: Generation of ATP by Electron Transport Chain
- Step 3: Formation of NADPH
- Alternative Pathway
- Chemical Equation
- Fate of The Products
The function of the light-dependent reaction is to convert light energy into chemical energy within a multi-protein complex called the photosystem, found in the thylakoid membranes. There are two types of photosystems found in most plants: photosystem I (PSI) and photosystem II (PSII). Each photosystem is made of two components: 1) antenna complex ...
The electrons released from photosystem II enter a chain of proteins known as electron transport chain (ETC). They move from PSII to a small lipid-soluble molecule, plastoquinone (Pq), and then to a protein complex called cytochrome b6f. The electrons are finally transferred to a copper-containing protein called plastocyanin (Pc) before being accep...
This stage is the final step of the light-dependent reaction during which high energy electrons released from PSI travel a short second leg of the electron transport chain. Here, the electrons are first transferred to an iron-containing protein called ferredoxin (Fd) and then to a reducing agent, NADP, to form NADPH. This type of electron transport...
Sometimes plants follow an alternative path of electron transport called cyclic photophosphorylation. This term is named so because electrons released from PSI move along a circular path before returning to the same photosystem. Cyclic photophosphorylation does not involve PSII and produces only the ATP, stopping the production of NADPH.
2H2O + 2NADP+ + 3ADP + 3Pi → O2+ 2NADPH + 3ATP Reactants 1. H2O 2. NADP 3. ADP + Pi End Products 1. O2 2. NADPH 3. ATP
The energy-carrier molecules, ATP, and NADPH produced in the light reaction are used in the second phase of photosynthesis or the Calvin cycle to assemble sugar molecules.
Jun 21, 2024 · The light-dependent reaction takes place within the thylakoid membrane and requires a steady stream of sunlight, hence the name light-dependent reaction. The chlorophyll absorbs energy from the light waves, which is converted into chemical energy in the form of the molecules ATP and NADPH .
In the light-dependent reactions, which take place at the thylakoid membrane, chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight and then converts it into chemical energy with the use of water. The light-dependent reactions release oxygen as a byproduct as water is broken apart.
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May 12, 2018 · The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are the four reactions that take place in the later part of the photosynthesis process. Also known as the Calvin cycle, the four steps of the light-independent or dark reactions are carbon fixation, reduction, carbohydrate formation and regeneration of the initial enzymes.
