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- A chemical bond is the force that holds atoms together in chemical compounds. There are two idealized types of bonding: (1) covalent bonding, in which electrons are shared between atoms in a molecule or polyatomic ion, and (2) ionic bonding, in which positively and negatively charged ions are held together by electrostatic forces.
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Chapter 2: Atomic Structure and Chemical Bonding. Materials → Molecules → Atoms. Atoms = protons (p) + neutrons (n) + electrons (e) Protons and neutrons are made of quarks. Quantitative measurements need units: metric or S.I. (Systeme International) or mks (meter-kilogram-second) units.
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Jan 30, 2023 · A chemical bond is the force that holds atoms together in chemical compounds. There are two idealized types of bonding: (1) covalent bonding, in which electrons are shared between atoms in a molecule or polyatomic ion, and (2) ionic bonding, in which positively and negatively charged ions are held together by electrostatic forces.
Jun 30, 2023 · Most elements follow the octet rule in chemical bonding, which means that an element should have contact to eight valence electrons in a bond or exactly fill up its valence shell. Having eight electrons total ensures that the atom is stable.
Jun 5, 2020 · Bonding is what separates chemistry from physics. If the understanding of atoms and their component particles belongs primarily to the realm of physics, then chemistry is concerned with the aggregation of atoms into chemical entities held together by bonds.
- Edwin C. Constable, Catherine E. Housecroft
- 2020
- Overview
- Emergence of quantitative chemistry
chemical bonding, any of the interactions that account for the association of atoms into molecules, ions, crystals, and other stable species that make up the familiar substances of the everyday world. When atoms approach one another, their nuclei and electrons interact and tend to distribute themselves in space in such a way that the total energy is lower than it would be in any alternative arrangement. If the total energy of a group of atoms is lower than the sum of the energies of the component atoms, they then bond together and the energy lowering is the bonding energy.
The ideas that helped to establish the nature of chemical bonding came to fruition during the early 20th century, after the electron had been discovered and quantum mechanics had provided a language for the description of the behaviour of electrons in atoms. However, even though chemists need quantum mechanics to attain a detailed quantitative understanding of bond formation, much of their pragmatic understanding of bonds is expressed in simple intuitive models. These models treat bonds as primarily of two kinds—namely, ionic and covalent. The type of bond that is most likely to occur between two atoms can be predicted on the basis of the location of the elements in the periodic table, and to some extent the properties of the substances so formed can be related to the type of bonding.
A key concept in a discussion of chemical bonding is that of the molecule. Molecules are the smallest units of compounds that can exist. One feature of molecules that can be predicted with reasonable success is their shape. Molecular shapes are of considerable importance for understanding the reactions that compounds can undergo, and so the link between chemical bonding and chemical reactivity is discussed briefly in this article.
Although simple models of bonding are useful as rules of thumb for rationalizing the existence of compounds and the physical and chemical properties and structures of molecules, they need to be justified by appealing to more-sophisticated descriptions of bonding. Moreover, there are some aspects of molecular structure that are beyond the scope of the simple theories. To achieve this insight, it is necessary to resort to a fully quantum mechanical description. In practice, these descriptions entail heavy reliance on computers. Such numerical approaches to the chemical bond provide important information about bonding.
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Ins and Outs of Chemistry
The early Greeks, most notably Democritus, argued that matter is composed of fundamental particles called atoms. The views of the atomists, however, lacked the authority that comes from experiment, and evidence of the existence of atoms was not forthcoming for two millennia until the emergence of quantitative, empirical science in the 18th century.
As noted earlier, electrovalent (or ionic) compounds involve valence electrons which are transferred from one element to the other, while for covalent compounds, electrons are shared to produce strong bonds. This bonding forms the basis for chemical bonding or quantum chemistry whose basis involves the Schrodinger wave equation applied to ...
Feb 20, 2022 · The concept of chemical bonding lies at the very core of Chemistry; it is what enables about one hundred elements to form the more than fifty million known chemical substances that make up our physical world. Exactly what is a chemical bond? And what observable properties can we use to distinguish one kind of bond from another?
