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- A few examples are: Stuttering — trouble saying words or sentences in a way that flows smoothly. Articulation errors — difficulty forming certain words or sounds. Childhood apraxia — trouble accurately moving the lips, jaw and tongue to speak. Children with speech or language disorders often can understand and work well with visual information.
www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/childrens-health/in-depth/learning-disorders/art-20046105Learning disorders: Know the signs, how to help - Mayo Clinic
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Are language-based learning difficulties related to learning disabilities?
Can a learning disability affect a child's language skills?
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What is a language-based learning disability (LBLD)?
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What are the symptoms of learning disabilities?
Mar 8, 2024 · In this article, we discuss different types of learning disabilities and resources to assist students with these disabilities.
- Overview
- Types of Learning Disabilities
- Symptoms of Learning Disabilities
- Causes of Learning Disabilities
- Diagnosing Learning Disabilities
- Treating Learning Disabilities
- A Word From Verywell
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Learning disabilities are a group of neurodevelopmental disorders that can significantly hamper a person’s ability to learn new things. As a result, the person may have trouble with tasks such as speaking, reading, writing, paying attention, understanding information, remembering things, performing mathematical calculations, or coordinating movements.
Learning disabilities typically develop at a young age and are often diagnosed during the person’s school years, since the primary focus at school is learning. It is estimated that 8% to 10% of children below the age of 18 in the United States have some type of learning disability.
However, some people are not diagnosed until they attend college or get a job, and others never receive an official diagnosis, so they go through life without knowing why they have so much trouble with academics, work, relationships, and basic day-to-day tasks.
It’s important to understand that people with learning disabilities generally have average to superior intelligence and are often gifted in fields such as science, math, fine arts, and other creative mediums. The person is often bright and intelligent, but there may be a gap between their potential and the skills expected from a person of their age.
Nevertheless, some of the most accomplished and influential people in history have had learning disabilities, including Albert Einstein, Leonardo da Vinci, Thomas Edison, and Winston Churchill.
“Learning disability” is an umbrella term that encompasses many types of specific learning disorders, including:
•Dyslexia: Dyslexia is the most common learning disability, accounting for 80% of all learning disability cases. It is a language processing disorder characterized by difficulty with speaking, reading, writing, or understanding words. This can cause the person's vocabulary to develop at a slower pace and lead to issues with grammar, reading comprehension, and other language skills.
•Dysgraphia: People with dysgraphia may have difficulty putting their thoughts into writing due to issues with vocabulary, spelling, grammar, memory, and critical thinking. This condition is characterized by poor handwriting, as the person may struggle with letter spacing, spatial awareness, and motor planning. Dysgraphia can make it hard for the person to think and write simultaneously.
•Dyscalculia: Sometimes known as “math dyslexia,” this condition includes learning disorders related to mathematics, such as difficulty with numbers, concepts, and reasoning. People with dyscalculia may struggle to count money, read clocks and tell time, perform mental math calculations, identify number patterns, and apply mathematical formulae.
•Auditory processing disorder (APD): People with APD may have difficulty processing sounds because their brain misinterprets auditory information received by the ear. As a result, they may confuse the order of sounds in certain words, or they may not be able to distinguish between sounds such as the teacher’s voice and the background noise in the classroom.
•Language processing disorder (LPD): This is a subset of APD, characterized by difficulties with processing spoken language. The person may have difficulty attaching meaning to sound groups representing words, sentences, and stories.
These are some of the symptoms of learning disabilities:
•Poor memory
•Difficulty focusing
•Short attention span
•Difficulty with reading or writing
•Inability to distinguish between sounds, letters, or numbers
Learning disabilities are caused by differences in the neurological functioning of the person’s brain. These differences can occur before the person is born, during their birth, or in early childhood, and may be caused by factors such as:
•Maternal illness during pregnancy
•Birth complications that block the flow of oxygen to the baby’s brain
•Certain genes that can make the person more genetically predisposed to developing a learning disability
•Injury or illness, such as meningitis, in early childhood
•Health conditions such as cerebral palsy and Down’s syndrome often involve some extent of learning disability
A healthcare professional can diagnose learning disabilities. The diagnostic process might involve:
•Academic testing: The healthcare provider may administer a standardized achievement test that checks the person’s reading, writing, and arithmetic skills, as well as an intelligence quotient (IQ) test. If the person performs well on the IQ test but has a lower score on the achievement test, it could indicate that they have a learning disability.
•Performance review: The healthcare provider may review and evaluate the person’s academic, professional, social, and developmental performance.
•Medical history: The healthcare provider will likely ask questions about the person’s personal and family medical history.
•Physical and neurological exam: The healthcare provider may conduct a physical and neurological exam to check for other health conditions such as brain diseases, mental health conditions, and developmental and intellectual disabilities.
Every learning disability has different symptoms and everyone’s experience of the condition is unique as they may experience differences in the frequency and intensity of their symptoms.
Learning disabilities are lifelong conditions that cannot be fixed or cured; however, with timely diagnosis, treatment, and support, people with learning disabilities can be successful at school, work, and among their community.
Treatment for learning disabilities may involve:
•Special education: Children with learning disabilities may benefit from education by specially trained teachers who perform a comprehensive evaluation of the child’s abilities and then help the child build on their strengths while compensating for their disabilities.
•Medication: Some people may need to take medication to improve their ability to focus and concentrate.
•Therapy: Psychotherapy can help people with learning disabilities deal with emotional issues and develop coping skills.
•Other interventions: People with learning disabilities may also benefit from other interventions such as speech and language therapy.
Every human being is equipped with a unique set of strengths and weaknesses. All of us are able to do some things effortlessly but struggle in other areas.
It’s important to recognize that while people with learning disabilities have some challenges with learning, they are not in any way inferior to anyone else. Special education, treatment, support, kindness, and patience can help them achieve success.
11 Sources
Verywell Mind uses only high-quality sources, including peer-reviewed studies, to support the facts within our articles. Read our editorial process to learn more about how we fact-check and keep our content accurate, reliable, and trustworthy.
1.Vidyadharan V, Tharayil HM. Learning disorder or learning disability: Time to rethink. Indian J Psychol Med. 2019;41(3):276-278. doi:10.4103/IJPSYM.IJPSYM_371_18
2.National Institute for Learning Development. What is a learning disability?
- The basics. (opens in a new window) The Landmark School Outreach Program’s(opens in a new window) mission is to empower students with language-based learning disabilities by offering their teachers an exemplary program of applied research and professional development.
- Academic proficiency. Academic proficiency develops in relation to students’ increasing skills and abilities. Its three interrelated elements, shown in the figure below, are coordinated by the individual’s executive function.
- Emergence and signs of language-based difficulties. Children naturally develop skills at their own pace, and most students have difficulty learning from time to time.
- Language difficulty or disability? Language difficulties are not always language disabilities. In order for a student to be eligible for special education services guided by an individualized education plan (IEP), he or she must be diagnosed with a disability.
Background. Recent data shows that disability issues are important in Canada. The 2022 Canadian Survey on Disability reports that 8 million Canadians aged 15 years and older have one or more disabilities. Many persons with disabilities in Canada face significant barriers in their daily lives.
Jul 17, 2020 · It is not surprising then, that children with a persistent problem learning language known as Developmental Language Disorder (DLD), are at an increased risk of poorer academic and social performance (Catts et al., 2002; Conti-Ramsden et al., 2013; Cross et al., 2019; Mok et al., 2014).
Jun 16, 2017 · Language-based learning disability (LBLD) refers to a spectrum of difficulties related to the understanding and use of spoken and written language. Learn more.
Language-based learning disabilities or LBLD are "heterogeneous" neurological differences that can affect skills such as listening, reasoning, speaking, reading, writing, and math calculations. [1] It is also associated with movement, coordination, and direct attention.
