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Even if researchers manage to recruit individuals who are both willing and able to participate in research, obtrusive methods are prone to measurement reactivity. Reactivity effects of research participation include change due to being assessed, having views about the desirability of different possible research requirements, and deliberately or unwittingly trying to satisfy researchers [ 15 ].
Sep 26, 2023 · Research methods in psychology are systematic procedures used to observe, describe, predict, and explain behavior and mental processes. They include experiments, surveys, case studies, and naturalistic observations, ensuring data collection is objective and reliable to understand and explain psychological phenomena.
- Preventing Coder Drift
- Reducing Observer Bias
- Data Analysis Approaches
Coder drift results in a measurement error caused by gradual shifts in how observations get rated according to operational definitions, especially when behavioral codes are not clearly specified. This type of error creeps in when coders fail to regularly review what precise observations constitute or do not constitute the behaviors being measured. ...
Coding Manual
A detailed coding manual minimizes subjectivity by clearly defining what behaviors and interaction dynamics observers should code (Bakeman & Quera, 2011). High-quality manuals have strong theoretical and empirical grounding, laying out explicit coding procedures and providing rich behavioral examples to anchor code definitions (Lindahl, 2001). Clear delineation of the frequency, intensity, duration, and type of behaviors constituting each code facilitates reliable judgments and reduces ambigu...
Coder Training
Competent coders require both interpersonal perceptiveness and scientific rigor (Wampler & Harper, 2014). Training thoroughly reviews the theoretical basis for coded constructs and teaches the coding system itself. Multiple “gold standard” criterion videos demonstrate code ranges that trainees independently apply. Coders then meet weekly to establish reliability of 80% or higher agreement both among themselves and with master criterion coding (Hill & Lambert, 2004). Ongoing training manages c...
Blind Methods
To prevent bias, coders should remain unaware of specific study predictions or participant details (Burghardt et al., 2012). Separate data gathering versus coding teams helps maintain blinding. Coders should be unaware of study details or participant identities that could bias coding (Burghardt et al., 2012). Separate teams collecting data versus coding data can reduce bias. In addition, scheduling procedures can prevent coders from rating data collected directly from participants with whom t...
It’s important to note that the choice of analysis approach is not arbitrary but should be guided by the research questions, study design, and nature of the data collected. Interval data (where behavior is recorded at fixed time points), event data (where the occurrence of behaviors is noted as they happen), and timed-event data (where both the occ...
Obtrusive measures are any techniques that are used in research to collect data about a subject without the researcher’s presence. These measures are often used in naturalistic settings, and are designed to capture behavior in an unobtrusive manner. Examples of obtrusive measures include video recording, motion detectors, and audio recordings.
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Title: Handbook of research methods in psychology. BF76.5.A73 2012 150.72 1 dc23 2011045200 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
Naturalistic observation is an observational method that involves observing people’s behavior in the environment in which it typically occurs. Thus naturalistic observation is a type of field research (as opposed to a type of laboratory research). Jane Goodall’s famous research on chimpanzees is a classic example of naturalistic observation ...
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In line with Bowen (2009) recommendation, document analysis is a research technique best applied in combination with other methods to minimize bias and establish credibility. The researcher must consider the original purpose, the development, and the intended audience of each document in order to derive its actual implications.
