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Nov 3, 2023 · The heart has five surfaces: base (posterior), diaphragmatic (inferior), sternocostal (anterior), and left and right pulmonary surfaces. It also has several margins: right, left, superior, and inferior: The right margin is the small section of the right atrium that extends between the superior and inferior vena cava.
- 1.1.1 Overview
- 1.1.2 Heart anatomy and physiology
- 1.2 Anatomy of the Heart
- 1.2.3 Macroscopic muscle structure
- 1.3 Physiology of the Heart
- 1.3.1.2 Ejection phase
- 1.3.1.3 Isovolumic relaxation phase
- 1.3.1.4 Filling phase
- 1.3.2 Myocardial fibers’ helical orientation contributing to LV contractile twist and isovolumic pressure increase
- 1.4 Pathophysiology of the Heart
- 1.4.1 Perfusion and atherosclerosis
- 1.4.2 Myocardial ischemia: causes and effects
- 1.4.3 Myocardial infarction
- 1.4.4 Left ventricular (myocardial) remodeling
- 1.5 Summary
This chapter outlines the anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology of the heart, linking the micro- and macroscopic structure of cardiac muscle fiber to its function during contraction and relaxation. The properties of cardiac muscle cells and the process of contraction at a cellular level are also described. The macroscopic structure of the myocar...
Anatomy of the heart: The heart and blood vessels are part of the cardio-vascular system. The heart is a four-chambered muscular pump with four valves. Studies on the structure of heart are at different levels: cellular level or histological studies, and muscle level. The cellular level explores the myocyte structure, alignment and ionic pathways o...
The structure of the heart and its relation to myocardial function is still a challenging problem. The heart is the prime mover of blood into the cir-culatory system. By periodic stimulation of its muscles, it contracts peri-odically and pumps blood throughout the body. The heart is located in the left center of the chest. The structure of the hear...
A picture of the muscle structure on the macroscopic scale can be obtained by dissecting the heart. The established method used consists of (i) boiling the heart in water to soften the connective tissue, (ii) performing a blunt dissection of it, using figures, with the help of nontoothed forceps, scalpel, and scissors after removing the atrial, aor...
The heart is a muscular pump that supplies blood to the body. This goal is achieved by electrical excitation that produces myocardial contraction, resulting in cyclic ventricular emptying and filling. The physiological sequence of ventricular function is as follows: an isovolumic contraction phase to develop pre-ejection tension; and slow periods f...
Ventricular ejection includes rapid and reduced ejection. Ejection begins when the intraventricular pressures exceed the pressures within the aorta and pulmonary artery, which causes the aortic and pulmonary valves to open due to energy gradients from LV to aorta or from RV to pulmonary vein. This pressure gradient across the valve is ordinarily lo...
When the intraventricular pressures fall sufficiently at the end of ejection phase, the aortic and pulmonary valves abruptly close (aortic pulmonary) causing the second heart sound (S2) and the beginning of isovolumetric relaxation. Valve closure is associated with a small backflow of blood into the ventricles and a characteristic notch (incisura o...
Filling includes rapid and reduced filling associated with atrial contrac-tion. As the ventricles continue to relax at the end of isovolumic relaxation phase, the intraventricular pressures falls below their respective atrial pressures. When this occurs, the AV valves rapidly open and ventricular filling begins. Despite the inflow of blood from the...
Let us now provide some quantification of heart physiology in terms of how the left ventricle is able to raise its pressure during isovolumic con-traction and systole to deliver cardiac output. The left ventricle starts contracting due to the activation of the excitation–contraction coupling mechanism of the myocardial sarcomere, which results in c...
Heart failure is the pathophysiological state in which the heart is unable to pump blood with the requirements of the metabolizing tissues. This is a complex clinical syndrome that can result from any structural or func-tional cardiac disorder that impairs the ability of the ventricles to fill with or eject blood. Heart failure may be caused by myo...
Atherosclerosis disease is the leading cause of death. This complex pro-cess includes the development of plaque composed of variable amount of connective tissue matrix, vascular smooth muscle cells, lipoproteins, cal-cium, inflammatory cells, and new blood vessels. Figure 15 illustrates the morphology and the formation of an arterio-sclerotic plaqu...
The coronary arteries transport oxygen- and nutrient-rich blood to the myocardium (heart muscle) to sustain the heart’s normal contractile pumping function. The pumping heart in turn generates pressure and flow within the coronary circulation to supply blood and oxygen to the heart. Causes of myocardial ischemia: Myocardial ischemia occurs (i) when...
Myocardial infarction is the necrosis of a portion of the myocardium secondary to prolonged lack of oxygen supply, due to an obstruction in a coronary artery. The obstruction is usually a blood clot that has formed as a result of atherosclerosis. This event is commonly called a heart attack, and it may be fatal if a large portion of the myocardium ...
Heart disease causes structural (macroscopic and microscopic levels) and functional changes, called myocardial remodeling. Left ventricular remodeling may be defined as a change in shape, size, and function of the left ventricle due to physiological or pathological conditions. Physiological change is a compensatory change in the dimensions and func...
Let us recapitulate the organization and contents of this chapter. We started with the anatomy of heart and identified the parts of the heart and described their functions. To understand how the myocardium functions, we then described the muscle structure at a basic level. A notable feature of the heart anatomy is the intrinsically optimal ellipsoi...
- Liang Zhong, Liang Zhong, Ru San Tan, Ru San Tan, Dhanjoo N. Ghista
- 2019
- Location of the Heart. The human heart is located within the thoracic cavity, medially between the lungs in the space known as the mediastinum. Figure 19.2 shows the position of the heart within the thoracic cavity.
- Shape and Size of the Heart. The shape of the heart is similar to a pinecone, rather broad at the superior surface and tapering to the apex (see Figure 19.2).
- Chambers and Circulation through the Heart. The human heart consists of four chambers: The left side and the right side each have one atrium and one ventricle.
- Membranes, Surface Features, and Layers. Our exploration of more in-depth heart structures begins by examining the membrane that surrounds the heart, the prominent surface features of the heart, and the layers that form the wall of the heart.
The main control of the heart resides with the medulla oblongata. There is an area called the cardioacceleratory centre, or pressor centre, in the upper part of the medulla oblongata, and an area called the cardioinhibitory centre, or depressor centre, in the lower part.
The heart is located in the thoracic cavity medial to the lungs and posterior to the sternum. On its superior end, the base of the heart is attached to the aorta, pulmonary arteries and veins, and the vena cava. The inferior tip of the heart, known as the apex, rests just superior to the diaphragm.
Oct 31, 2024 · The heart consists of several layers of a tough muscular wall, the myocardium. A thin layer of tissue, the pericardium, covers the outside, and another layer, the endocardium, lines the inside. The heart cavity is divided down the middle into a right and a left heart, which in turn are subdivided into two chambers.
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The Heart Beat •The sound of your heart beating has two parts •S1 (“lub”) is when the AV values of your heart close and blood is pushed out of the heart to the rest of the body. This is called systole •S2 (“dub”) is when the semilunar values of the heart closes and the heart fills with blood. This is called diastole.
