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phonology: Phonological phenomena are no longer treated as random events. That falling tones are formed before a low tone and not before a high tone is not considered as an accident. A phonological process is expressed by a direct connection of some part of the phonological representation of a neighbouring segment.
- Participants
- Materials and Design
- Procedure
- Results and Discussion
Fifty-six undergraduate students from the Open University of Hong Kong (32 females and 24 males, mean age = 23.5 years), who reported no speech or hearing deficits, were paid $20 for participating in the experiment.
Sixty lists of Cantonese Chinese words (including nouns, verbs, and adjectives) each list consisting of six Cantonese Chinese words, were constructed. Thirty lists belonged to the phonologically similar condition in which the Cantonese Chinese words shared only one of the phonological characteristics (i.e., ten lists of each type). For example, in ...
All participants completed the experiment individually in a quiet room. In the experiment, they were asked to read aloud all the displayed Cantonese Chinese words one by one. At the end of each list, the participants were asked to recall the Chinese words from the list out loud. Hence, strict serial recall instructions were used. The experimenter c...
The results are presented in Table 1. Three types of measurement were involved: correct-in-position measure (i.e., items were scored as correct if a participant recalled the correct item in the correct position), item recall measure (i.e., items were scored as correct if a participant recalled a list item correctly regardless of position), and reca...
- Michael C. W. Yip
- mcwyip@ied.edu.hk
- 2014
Tone and Intonation are two types of pitch variation, which are used by speakers of many languages in order to give shape to utterances. More specifically, tone encodes morphemes, and intonation gives utterances a further discoursal meaning that is independent of the meanings of the words themselves.
Dec 31, 2020 · Tone can undergo vertical or horizontal assimilation as well as dissimilation. Tone can function lexically, morphologically, syntactically, or semantically. No other phonological features exhibit the long-distance effects found with tone.
In reality, the physics of tone will involve intensity, duration, and other acoustic properties as well, in relation to the human articulatory systems. Through an overview of the physical dimensions of tone, this section hopes to reveal some of the complexities that are less often studied.
Apr 10, 2020 · Intonation is difficult to study for at least the following four reasons: (1) the term intonation may refer to more (or fewer) suprasegmental features and functions when used by different linguists (Johns-Lewis 1985); (2) it is not yet and perhaps never will be possible to mechanically record intonation the way that the native speaker’s ear hear...
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Suggests that the mechanisms of sound change involve phonetics, i.e. properties of speech production and perception. . Recurrence of similar sound changes across languages and across time. . The properties of speech production and perception are basically the same for all speakers at all times. .
