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- Tone and Intonation are two types of pitch variation, which are used by speakers of all languages in order to give shape to utterances. More specifically, tone encodes segments and morphemes, and intonation gives utterances a further discoursal meaning that is independent of the meanings of the words themselves.
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phonology: Phonological phenomena are no longer treated as random events. That falling tones are formed before a low tone and not before a high tone is not considered as an accident. A phonological process is expressed by a direct connection of some part of the phonological representation of a neighbouring segment.
- Pitch
- Tone Notation
- Tone as A Phonemic Property
- More Tones
- Contour Tones
- Intonation
- References
During voicing, the vocal folds vibrate at some rate, which is normally called the fundamental frequency (typically abbreviated f0 or F0) when talking specifically about the actual physical vibration and pitch when talking about our auditory perception of that vibration. For the purposes of this discussion, we will use the term pitch, since we are ...
Many tone languages have only two tones, normally identified as a high tone (often abbreviated as H) and a low tone (often abbreviated as L). High tones have a higher pitch (with the vocal folds vibrating faster), and low tones have a lower pitch (with the vocal folds vibrating slower). Note that there is no single consistent rate of vibration for ...
In many tone languages, each syllable can in principle have its own independent tone, as in the various tone patterns seen in the Bemba words in Table 3.3. Here, we see that the first syllable of a word could have either a high tone, as in [βúːlá] ‘take’, or a low tone, as in [ùkúwà] ‘fall’. Then, regardless of what tone the first syllable has...
One of the ways that tones can be more complex is that they are often not simply binary, with just a high versus low distinction. Many tone languages have a mid tone (M) that is intermediate between high and low, such as Igala, a Yoruboid language of the Niger-Congo family, spoken in Nigeria, which has minimal triplets like those in Table 3.4, whic...
So far, we have only looked at level tones (high, mid, low), which have relatively stable pitch from beginning to end. However, many tone languages also have contour tones, which change in pitch during the course of the syllable. For example, Awa (a Kainantu-Goroka language of the Trans-New Guinea family, spoken in Papua New Guinea) has two level t...
Finally, we can also see changes in pitch over entire sentences as intonation, with the purpose of conveying information about the function of the sentences rather than information of which word is being used. For example, the English sentence this is vegetarian chilihas many different possible intonation patterns, as in the examples in sentences...
Hamann, Silke and Nancy C. Kula. 2015. Bemba. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45(1): 61–68. Loving, Rochard E. 1966. Awa phonemes, tonemes, and tonally differentiated allomorphs. Papers in New Guinea LinguisticsA-7: 23–32. Welmers, William E. 1973. African language structures. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Pre...
Tone and Intonation are two types of pitch variation, which are used by speakers of many languages in order to give shape to utterances. More specifically, tone encodes morphemes, and intonation gives utterances a further discoursal meaning that is independent of the meanings of the words themselves.
In this comprehensive survey, Carlos Gussenhoven provides an overview of research into tone and intonation, discussing why speakers vary their pitch, what pitch variations mean, and how they are integrated into our grammars.
- Carlos Gussenhoven
- Paperback
Designed as a comprehensive study accessible to the novice and useful for the expert, each chapter covers a particular aspect of tone in increasing depth and complexity, weaving together key concepts and theories that provide complementing or competing accounts of tone's phonological intricacies.
- Paperback
This chapter reviews commonly recurring tendencies in the phonetic realization of tones, both in intonation and in lexical tone systems. It discusses local interactions between tonal targets, such as tonal coarticulation, dissimilatory H-raising, and rightward target displacement.
A typology of tone processes is presented and mechanisms for the historical development of tone (tonogenesis) are discussed. The chapter explores the source of intonational events as markers of prosodic boundaries, metrically prominent syllables, and tonally defined prosodic constituents.
