Search results
Jul 9, 2024 · Infections are the most common cause of FUO. In patients with HIV infection, opportunistic infections (eg, tuberculosis; infection by atypical mycobacteria, disseminated fungi, or cytomegalovirus) should be sought.
- Abscesses
Fever may occur, especially with surrounding cellulitis. For...
- Host Defense Mechanisms Against Infection
The response involves fever and increased production of...
- Manifestations of Infection
Manifestations of infection may be local (eg, cellulitis,...
- Factors Facilitating Microbial Invasion
Biofilm is a slime layer that can form around certain...
- Bacteremia
Bacteremia has many possible causes, including....
- Fever
Red flag findings strongly suggest a serious disorder, as in...
- Immunodeficiency
These disorders are genetically determined; they may occur...
- Lymphomas
Overview of Lymphomas - Etiology, pathophysiology, symptoms,...
- Abscesses
Fever of unknown origin (FUO) was originally defined by Petersdorf and Beeson as an illness of more than 3 weeks’ duration, with fever greater than 38.3 °C (101 °F) on several occasions, the cause of which is uncertain after 1 week of in-hospital investigations.
- Overview
- Type
- Causes
- Symptoms
- Diagnostic tests for FUO
- Treatment
- Recognizing FUO in children
- Outlook
A fever of unknown origin (FUO) is a fever of at least 101°F (38.3°C) that lasts for more than three weeks or occurs frequently without explanation. Even when a doctor can’t determine the cause of the fever at first, a diagnosis is a step toward treating it.
Classic
Classic FUO affects previously healthy people. It’s defined as an unexplained fever that lasts for three weeks. Infection or neoplasms, such as leukemia, may cause classic FUO. Other disorders, such as diseases that affect connective tissue, can also be the cause.
Nosocomial
People with nosocomial FUO appear to get a fever as a result of hospitalization. They’re admitted for something other than fever and then begin to run the unexplained fever. Common causes include: •pulmonary embolism •enterocolitis •sinusitis •deep vein thrombosis •septic thrombophlebitis, a type of inflammation that affects the veins
Immune-deficient
Immune-deficient FUO occurs in people with compromised immune systems. This puts them at increased risk of infection. A compromised immune system can often occur because of chemotherapy treatment.
Recognizing the type of FUO helps a physician find its cause. Causes of FUO can be categorized as any of the following:
•infection: tuberculosis, mononucleosis, Lyme disease, cat scratch fever, endocarditis, and others
•inflammation: lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, and others
•malignancy: lymphoma, leukemia, pancreatic carcinoma, and other cancers and sarcomas
•miscellaneous: fevers caused by drug use or abuse,hyperthyroidism, hepatitis, and factors that don’t fit into other categories
A person with a FUO is given several clinical tests to narrow down the FUO’s classification. Diagnosis of the FUO can also draw attention to an otherwise undiagnosed condition.
FUO may be accompanied by other symptoms that can help doctors determine the underlying cause.
Typical symptoms of a fever include:
•a temperature that exceeds 100.4°F (38°C) for babies or 99.5°F (37.5°C) for children and adults
•sweating
•chills
•headaches
Interview
Your doctor will likely ask if you’ve: •been out of the country •had any environmental exposures •had any changes in your daily environment If you work with animals, your doctor may consider animal-borne illnesses. They’ll also ask about your family history and illnesses such as lymphoma or rheumatic fever.
Blood work and physical exam
Your doctor may also run blood tests to check for certain conditions, including autoimmune conditions that might not have many obvious symptoms. They’ll examine your skin carefully for signs of pallor, rash, or jaundice. If blood work or the physical exam turns up any positive indicators, the doctor will order more tests before confirming a diagnosis.
Culture tests
Blood, urine, and sputum cultures may be used to check for causes such as bacteria and fungi. Special tests can also help check for atypical bacterial, fungal, or viral infections.
According to American Family Physician, people with FUO are discharged without a definitive diagnosis in up to 50 percent of cases. In many of these cases, FUO resolves itself in time.
Treatment for a FUO varies depending on the cause.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and antihistamines may also be used to treat FUOs that have no trace of underlying causes. In many people, these medications can help reduce the fever itself.
People whose fevers are thought to have an immune-deficient origin may be treated with broad-spectrum antibiotics. These target the most likely pathogens. Infections are responsible for between 20 and 40 percent of all fevers of unknown origin.
Fevers occur commonly in children of all ages, particularly infants and toddlers. Your child may have a fever if they:
•are less active or talkative than normal
•have decreased appetite or increased thirst
•have fussier behavior (especially common in infants and toddlers)
•say that they feel warm or hot
If your child’s fever reaches 102.2°F (39°C), it should be treated. You can give them acetaminophen (Tylenol) or ibuprofen (Advil), but you should not give them aspirin (Bayer). In children, aspirin is associated with a very serious condition known as Reye’s syndrome.
Many fevers of unknown origin are impossible to diagnose, and they can resolve without treatment. Nevertheless, a fever lasting three weeks or more can indicate a serious health issue. You should see your doctor to check for underlying causes, especially if you have other symptoms.
If you experience any emergency symptoms in combination with a fever, seek medical attention immediately. These symptoms include:
•stiff neck
•confusion
•difficulty staying awake
•chest pain
Aug 14, 2023 · The causes of fever of unknown origin (FUO) are often common conditions presenting atypically. The list of causes is extensive, and it is broken down into broader categories, such as infection, noninfectious inflammatory conditions, malignancies, and miscellaneous.
- Ilona Brown, Nancy A. Finnigan
- 2023/08/14
- 2021
Common causes of FUO include infections, malignancies, noninfectious inflammatory disease (e.g., vasculitides, granulomatous disease, connective tissue diseases), miscellaneous, and...
Feb 2, 2022 · The major causes of classic FUO are infections, cancers, autoinflammatory or autoimmune conditions, and miscellaneous causes. 3 A review of all infections causing FUO is not...
A variety of bacterial infections can cause FUO, and these can be divided into those that are easy to identify using culture and those that require serological or molecular tests for identification. A number of viral, parasitic and fungal infections can also cause prolonged fever.
