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Nov 9, 2005 · What was Venus Express? Venus Express was the first European spacecraft to orbit Venus. The original mission was expected to last no more than 500 Earth days, but the mission was extended five times.
- Galileo’s Observations of the Moon, Jupiter, Venus and the Sun
During its 14-year voyage, the Galileo space probe (and its...
- Galileo’s Observations of the Moon, Jupiter, Venus and the Sun
Aug 5, 2016 · Launched five years ago on Aug. 5, 2011, NASA’s Juno mission maneuvered into orbit around Jupiter on July 4, 2016, joining a long tradition of discovery at the gas giant. One of the brightest objects in the night sky, Jupiter has enthralled humans since ancient times.
Venus Express studied the Venusian atmosphere and clouds in detail, the plasma environment and the surface characteristics of Venus from orbit. It also made global maps of the Venusian surface temperatures.
Feb 24, 2009 · During its 14-year voyage, the Galileo space probe (and its detachable mini-probe) visited Venus, Earth, the asteroid Gaspra, observed the impact of Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 on Jupiter, Jupiter, Europa, Callisto, Io, and Amalthea.
- Thermal Structure: Issi Results—Towards A New Vira Model
- The Upper Cloud Layer
- The Lower Cloud Layer
- The Polar Vortex
- Zonal Circulation
- Lower Atmosphere Composition
- Sulfur Compounds Above The Clouds
Venus Express has established an updated picture of the thermal structure of Venus, essentially within the layers located above the deep atmosphere (between 40 and >\(100\hbox { km}\)). Four instruments contributed to this mission effort for a better characterization of the temperature variation in the cloud layers and above: (VeRa) through radio o...
Measuring on the day side on the \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) absorption, one can retrieve from an equivalent reflecting layer model the altitude of the layer, and its variation with location. This has been done by simultaneous observations of VIRTIS and VMC data on Venus Express in near infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths (Ignatiev et al. 2009). The pictur...
The thick cloud cover makes it difficult to probe its lower part and has, therefore, remained the least characterized of the Venus cloud region. For instance, there is a continuing debate about the nature of the coarser mode particles found in the base of the clouds below 50 km using LPCS data (Knollenberg and Hunten 1980). This population has neve...
The polar vortex study is one of the most appealing results from Venus Express mission: the polar orbit of the spacecraft gave a direct global view above the South Pole of Venus, when the North Pole was observed too close to map the clouds at large scale. The South polar vortex of Venus was not unknown before Venus Express: Mariner 10 en routeto Me...
Wind measurements: show the structure of the zonal winds from South Pole to Equator with two regimes below and above \(60^{\circ }\). The Venus Express wind measurements were obtained at different wavelengths, sounding various levels in the atmosphere: 1. UV (300–400 nm), dayside, from sunlight reflectivity, sounding at 65–70 km 2. NIR \(({\sim }95...
The composition of Venus’ lower atmosphere, beneath the clouds, has been investigated prior to Venus Express both by in situ and remote-sensing observations. A pre-VEX summary of all the information compiled for the atmospheric composition is presented in Bézard et al. (1990). The vertical profile of water vapor in the 0–45-km-altitude range and th...
Sulfur is, among major atmospheric compounds on Venus, one that has attracted most of the attention to date considering its link to the thick cloud layer and to its potential to reveal ongoing exchanges between the crust and the atmosphere. It remains unclear what are the exact processes that drive today the long-term equilibrium of sulfur in the a...
- Pierre Drossart, Franck Montmessin
- 2015
Venus Express was captured into an orbit around Venus by firing the main engine for 53 minutes. About five days later, a two-week long series of manoeuvres began putting the spacecraft into its operational orbit, circling above the poles of the planet once every 24 hours.
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Nov 9, 2005 · Venus Express was ESA's first spacecraft to study our nearest planetary neighbour. In particular, it investigated the noxious atmosphere and clouds in detail and made global maps of the planet’s surface temperatures.
