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Jul 22, 2024 · Early signs include fatigue, muscle weakness, itchy skin, and abdominal pain, which can eventually lead to jaundice (yellowing of the skin) and dark urine, among others. If untreated, this condition can lead to liver failure—in which the organ stops being able to complete its functions.
- Introduction
- Liver Cirrhosis
- Nutritional and Metabolic Disorders
- Inflammatory Bowel Disease
- Vascular Disorders
- Bowel-Associated Dermatosis-Arthritis Syndrome
- Hereditary Gastrointestinal Tumours
- Paraneoplastic Syndromes Associated with Gastrointestinal Malignancies
Dermatological symptoms and signs sometimes precede or accompany a gastrointestinal disease. It should be noted that the embryonic origin of the gastrointestinal tract and the skin are closely aligned.
Common cutaneous manifestations of liver cirrhosisinclude: 1. Telangiectases 2. Spider telangiectasis 3. Palmar erythema 4. Terry nails (82%): white proximal (leukonychia) and pink distal nailplate. 5. Haemochromatosis: an autosomal dominant iron-accumulation disorder that may cause generalised bronze hyperpigmentation 6. Wilson disease: an autosom...
Nutritional deficiency
Malnutritionassociated with deficiencies of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins often affects the skin. Fat-soluble vitamins: 1. Vitamin A deficiency causes phrynoderma, ie keratotic follicular papuleson anterolateral thighs and posterolateral upper arms. 2. Vitamin D deficiency in babies and children results in delayed tooth eruptionwith poor enamel. In adults, it predisposes to caries. 3. Vitamin K deficiency affects coagulation, leading to haemorrhage, purpura and ecchymoses. Water-solu...
Acrodermatitis enteropathica
Acrodermatitis enteropathica is an autosomal recessive inherited form of zinc deficiency that manifests in infancy. It presents with the clinical triad of dermatitis, alopecia and diarrhoea. Skin signs include: 1. Pink, scaly patches and plaques on extremities, periorificial and anogenitalsites 2. Can include psoriasiform plaques, vesicular, bullous, pustular or erosive lesions. 3. Hair lossmay follow. See also Acrodermatitis enteropathica-like conditions.
Eruptive xanthomas
Eruptive xanthomasare: 1. Caused by the accumulation of fat in macrophagecells in the skin 2. Associated with hypertriglyceridaemia, often due to diabetes mellitus
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) refers to ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease. There are similarities and differences in their cutaneous manifestations.
Henoch-Schönlein purpura
Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) is an immunoglobulin A-mediated, leukocytoclastic, small-vessel vasculitis. 1. Palpable purpuriclesions usually affect buttocks and legs. 2. HSP may also cause gastrointestinal vasculitis causing abdominal pain and melaena, due to bowel wall oedema, haemorrhage, and rarely, bowel infarction, perforationand intussusception. 3. Other symptoms may include arthritis (80%), abdominal pain (50–75%) and nephritis(40%).
Degos disease
Degos disease is small vessel angiopathy, thought to be due to dysregulation of interferon-alfa and the membranolytic attack complex. There are two variants: benign atrophic papulosis and malignantatrophic papulosis. 1. Degos disease presents with 2–5 mm, rose-coloured papules that heal as umbilicatedscars with white porcelain centre, erythematous rim, and surrounding telangiectasia. 2. Lesions most commonly occur on the trunk and arms, sparing the face, palms and soles. 3. Malignant atrophic...
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia
Hereditary haemorrhagic telangiectasia (HHT) is a hereditary, autosomal dominant, bleeding disorder. 1. Multiple, small punctate telangiectasesaffect 50% of patients by 30 years of age. 2. Telangiectases are predominantly found on face and mouth. 3. Recurrentnosebleeds affect 90% of patients with HHT. 4. Bleeding may also occur from gastrointestinal arteriovenous malformations.
Bowel-associated dermatosis-arthritis syndrome (BADAS, bowel bypass syndrome) presents with recurrent and episodic flu-like symptoms, polyarthralgiaand cutaneous lesions. 1. BADAS is thought to be driven by the overgrowth of bacteria in areas of an altered gastrointestinal tract, following surgery or inflammation. 2. Skin signs include: 2.1. Erythe...
Familial adenomatous polyposis
Gardner syndrome is a variant of familial adenomatous polyposis with numerous adenomatous polyps and mucocutaneousfindings, such as: 1. Epidermoid cystson face or extremities. 2. Lipomas 3. Desmoid tumours (10-14%), which are benign fibrous mesenchymal neoplasms. They are non-tender, well-circumscribed, firm, flesh coloured tumours located on the abdomen; intra-, extra- and within the abdominal wall. They can also occur on the shoulder, chest wall and inguinalarea.
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer, also known as Lynch syndrome, is the most common hereditary cancer. 1. is an autosomal dominant disorder, accounting for 3% of all colon cancers 2. Muir-Torre variant has most of the skin manifestations: 2.1. Sebaceous adenoma and sebaceoma: yellow papules or nodules usually on the face 2.2. Sebaceous carcinoma, a periorbitalor extraocular yellow nodule that may ulcerate and invade 2.3. Multiple keratoacanthomas and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas.
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome
Peutz-Jeghers syndrome is a hamartomatous polyposis syndrome with autosomal dominant inheritance. 1. Mucocutaneous pigmentation affects 95%, with small melanocytic macules (lentigines) that appear during childhood. 2. The lentigines cluster around the mouth, nostrils, eyes, digits, hands, feet, and perianalregion. 3. Facial lentigines may fade in adult life; oral-buccal pigmentation is usually permanent.
Acanthosis nigricans
Acanthosis nigricans is associated with insulinresistance. 1. It is characterised by hyperpigmented, velvety, hyperkeratotic plaques. 2. These affect axillary, inguinal, neck folds, mammary, umbilicaland anogenital regions. 3. In malignant disease, acanthosis nigricans can affect areola, digital web spaces, extensor sites and mucousmembranes. 4. Acanthosis nigricans associated with malignancy arises spontaneously and is rapidly progressive. 5. Gastrointestinal adenocarcinomacan be responsible...
“Tripe palm” or palmoplantar keratoderma
Tripe palm is associated with malignant acanthosis nigricans. 1. The abnormal palms are characterised by epidermal thickening with wrinkled broadened mesh-like ridges bounded by deep grooves within palms and fingers.
Multiple seborrhoeic keratoses
The acute onset of multiple, eruptive seborrhoeic keratosis is known as the sign of Leser-Trélat. 1. Seborrhoeickeratoses initially erupt on the trunk, then on the extremities or face. 2. When associated with gastrointestinal adenocarcinomas, the sign of Leser-Trélat carries a poor prognosis.
Apr 19, 2024 · In general, food just doesn’t taste the same as you remember. Some common symptoms are: All foods taste metallic or bitter. Foods that are characteristically sweet or salty no longer taste sweet or salty. Foods that used to taste good now taste bad, and sometimes rotten. There’s a nasty taste in your mouth even though you haven’t eaten ...
Apr 5, 2023 · Yellow, Jaundiced Skin and Eyes . Jaundice is the most well-known and noticeable symptom of gallbladder issues. The condition causes the skin and whites of the eyes to turn a pale yellowish color. Jaundice is caused by the accumulation of bilirubin, a yellow substance found in bile produced when the body disposes of dead red blood cells.
- Also called fever blisters, you don't get cold sores from fevers or colds but they can be triggered by them. The virus that causes cold sores is usually passed via a kiss, shared utensils, or other close contact.
- Caused by candida yeast, thrush is most common in older adults or babies. But a weakened immune system, antibiotics, diabetes, or certain medications -- such as inhaled corticosteroids -- can give candida a chance to grow wild.
- This painless condition occurs when the little bumps on your tongue grow long and trap bacteria that live in your mouth -- making the tongue look black and hairy.
- No one knows what causes these small, painful blisters inside your mouth. Triggers include hypersensitivity, infection, hormones, stress, and not getting enough of some vitamins.
Jan 18, 2024 · “A person with kidney failure may have breath that smells like ammonia or urine,” says Dr. Rabinowitz. That’s because your kidneys are failing to filter waste products from your body. Kidney failure comes on slowly: If you also have muscle cramps or swelling in your feet and ankles, or if your bathroom habits have changed, get checked out in a hurry.
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Aug 31, 2021 · Metallic taste and COVID-19. Doctors have long known that a loss of taste and smell are a possible side effect of COVID-19 — but some people have also reported a metallic taste. “Typically ...
