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When two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom share electrons via covalent bonds the atoms form a water molecule. Chemical reactions occur when two or more atoms bond together to form molecules or when bonded atoms break apart.
- Introduction
- | Atoms
- | Chemical Bonding & Intermolecular Forces
Elements in various combinations comprise all matter, including living things. Some of the most abundant elements in living organisms include carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus. These form the nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids that are the fundamental components of living matter. Biologists must understand t...
At its most fundamental level, life is made up of matter: any substance that occupies space and has mass. Elements are unique forms of matter with specific chemical and physical properties that cannot be broken down into smaller substances by ordinary chemical reactions. There are 118 elements, but only 92 occur naturally. The remaining elements ar...
2.2.1 Chemical Reactions and Molecules
The octet rule drives the chemical behavior of atoms. Atoms will chemically react and bond to each other form molecules, which are simply two or more atoms chemically bonded together. A compound is a type of molecule that contains two or more different types of atoms. In short, atoms form chemical bonds with other atoms, thereby obtaining the electrons they need to attain a stable electron configuration. The familiar water molecule, H2O, consists of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom bond...
2.2.2. Ions and Ionic Bonds
Some atoms are more stable when they gain or lose an electrons and form ions. This fills their outermost electron shell and makes them more stable. Because the number of electrons does not equal the number of protons, each ion has a net charge. Cations are positive ions that are formed by losing electrons. Anionsare negative ions that are formed by gaining electrons. Certain ions, such as sodium, potassium, and calcium, are referred to in physiology as electrolytes. These ions are necessary f...
2.2.3 Covalent Bonds
Another way the octet rule can be satisfied is by the sharing of electrons between atoms to form covalent bonds. One, two, or three pairs of electrons may be shared, making single, double, and triple bonds, respectively. The formation of water molecules provides an example of covalent bonding (Figure 2.8). To completely fill the outer shell of oxygen, which has six electrons in its outer shell, two electrons (one from each hydrogen atom) are needed. The electrons are shared between the two el...
- Katherine Mattaini
- 2020
Oct 13, 2021 · What complicates understanding is that matter is needed in two ways (Figure 1): (1) materially, providing the materials that become part of the larger organism: organisms are made of carbohydrates, (2) energetically, because energy can be made available as matter is rearranged, e.g., converting carbohydrates and oxygen into carbon dioxide and ...
Like geology, physics, and chemistry, biology is a science that gathers knowledge about the natural world. Specifically, biology is the study of life. The discoveries of biology are made by a community of researchers who work individually and together using agreed-on methods.
- Charles Molnar, Jane Gair
- 2015
Most matter is a mixture: It is composed of two or more types of matter that can be present in varying amounts and can be separated by physical means. Heterogeneous mixtures vary in composition from point to point; homogeneous mixtures have the same composition from point to point.
Single-celled organisms reproduce by first duplicating their DNA, which is the genetic material, and then dividing it equally as the cell prepares to divide to form two new cells. Many multicellular organisms (those made up of more than one cell) produce specialized reproductive cells that will form new individuals.
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Biology is a science, but what exactly is science? What does the study of biology share with other scientific disciplines? We can define science (from the Latin scientia, meaning “knowledge”) as knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method. It becomes ...
