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May 25, 2017 · By moving step-by-step through these, electrons are moved in a specific direction across a membrane. The movement of hydrogen ions are coupled with this. This means that when electrons are moved, hydrogen ions move too. ATP is created when hydrogen ions are pumped into the inner space (lumen) of the thylakoid. Hydrogen ions have a positive charge.
All cells use an electron transport chain (ETC) to oxidize substrates in exergonic reactions. The electron flow from reduced substrates through an ETC is like the movement of electrons between the poles of a battery. In the case of the battery, the electron flow releases free energy to power a motor, light, cell phone, etc.
Jan 4, 2024 · The Light-Dependent Reaction. Light energy is used to breakdown water in a reaction known as photolysis; this produces hydrogen ions, electrons, and oxygen in the thylakoid lumen. A proton gradient is formed as the photolysis of water results in a high concentration of hydrogen ions in the thylakoid lumen. Electrons travel through an electron ...
Using the energy carriers formed in the first steps of photosynthesis, the light-independent reactions, or the Calvin cycle, take in CO 2 from the environment. An enzyme, RuBisCO, catalyzes a reaction with CO 2 and another molecule, RuBP. After three cycles, a three-carbon molecule of G3P leaves the cycle to become part of a carbohydrate molecule.
Main Structures and Summary of Photosynthesis. Photosynthesis is a multi-step process that requires sunlight, carbon dioxide (which is low in energy), and water as substrates (Figure 8.1.3 8.1. 3). After the process is complete, it releases oxygen and produces glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (GA3P), simple carbohydrate molecules (which are high in ...
When a person turns on a lamp, electrical energy becomes light energy. Like all other forms of kinetic energy, light can travel, change form, and be harnessed to do work. In the case of photosynthesis, light energy is converted into chemical energy, which photoautotrophs use to build basic carbohydrate molecules (Figure 8.9). However ...
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The chloroplast is involved in both stages of photosynthesis. The light reactions take place in the thylakoid. There, water (H 2 O) is oxidized, and oxygen (O 2) is released. The electrons that ...
