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1. embassy.science › wiki › Theme:Ae22e8ee-47a5-4f9d-bcMertonian norms - The Embassy of Good Science

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   Oct 23, 2020 · Mertonian norms are the four norms of good scientific research first introduced by the American sociologist, Robert K. Merton. These norms are communism, universalism, disinterestedness, and organized skepticism. [1] ↑ Merton RK. 1942. The Ethos of Science, J. Legal and Political Sociology. 1: 115‐126.

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2. link.springer.com › referenceworkentry › 10Universalism - SpringerLink

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   The homogenizing tendency of universalism is apparent in social science’s emphasis on similarity and the collapsing of potentially meaningful within-group differences; in universalism, the risk of overgeneralizing is high (Lawson, 1999). Ethical concerns also arise when universalism is uncritically applied to explain the experiences and norms of particular groups.

3. www.bitss.org › education › mooc-parent-pageMerton’s norms and the Scientific Ethos – Berkeley Initiative ...

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   Merton discussed four idealized norms: Universalism, Communality, Disinterestedness, and Organized Skepticism. Here we define and explore each of these norms: 1) Universalism – The idea that scientific claims must be held to objective and “preestablished impersonal criteria.” This value can be inferred by the scientific method or the ...

4. en.wikipedia.org › wiki › UniversalismUniversalism - Wikipedia

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   Universalism is the philosophical concept and a theological concept within Christianity [1] that some ideas have universal application or applicability. A belief in one fundamental truth is another important tenet in universalism. The living truth is seen as more far-reaching than the national, cultural, or religious boundaries or ...

5. sociology.iresearchnet.com › sociology-of-scienceScientific Norms - Sociology of Science - iResearchNet

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   The formulation is sometimes known by its initials, CUDOS, which stands for the four norms: communism, universalism, disinterestedness, and organized skepticism. Merton’s representation of the normative character of science has proved to be one of the most enduring of all sociological analyses.

6. link.springer.com › article › 10A History of Universalism: Conceptions of the ... - Springer

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   Sep 24, 2008 · That science is fundamentally universal has been proclaimed innumerable times. But the precise geographical meaning of this universality has changed historically. This article examines conceptions of scientific internationalism from the Enlightenment to the Cold War, and their varying relations to cosmopolitanism, nationalism, socialism, and ‘the West’. These views are confronted with ...

7. People also ask

   What is universalism in science?

   • Universalism is the idea that everyone can do science, regardless of race, nationality, gender or any other differences, and that everyone’s scientific claims should be scrutinized equally. In science, it’s all about your arguments, line of evidence and methodology, regardless of who you are;

   Mertonian norms - The Embassy of Good Science

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   What is universalism in psychology?

   • The concept of universalism is prevalent across the social, political, and physical sciences. In the field of psychology, universalism conventionally refers to the idea that the range of human experience – from basic needs and psychological processes to core values – is intrinsic and therefore similar across humans and cultures.

   Universalism - SpringerLink

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   Why is universalism a problem in science?

   • But there are also cases in which the norm is breached by scientists, for example in wartime, when nationalism leads scientists to denounce the science of other nations for patriotic reasons, as occurred in World War I. Universalism also means that science should be open to talent, whatever the ethnic or status properties of the talented are.

   Scientific Norms - Sociology of Science - iResearchNet

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   Why is universalism important?

   • Thus, universalism enables not only meaningful comparisons across individuals and groups but also the application of universal laws and rights. If people are fundamentally the same, they are accordingly deserving of equal rights and protections, regardless of differences such as race, class, or gender.

   Universalism - SpringerLink

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   Is scientific universalism self-representation?

   • But while the reality of scientific universalism has been rejected, there has been no denial of its power as self-representation. Science may not be inherently universal, but scientists have often viewed their enterprise in such terms.

   A History of Universalism: Conceptions of the Internationality of

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   Is universalism a precursor to open science?

   • This could be seen as a precursor to modern initiatives such as open science; Universalism is the idea that everyone can do science, regardless of race, nationality, gender or any other differences, and that everyone’s scientific claims should be scrutinized equally.

   Mertonian norms - The Embassy of Good Science

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8. nap.nationalacademies.org › read › 125399 The Universality of Science: Examples from History--Hossein ...

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   By this, I mean the link between science and technology and the emergence of techno-science. The fact that the creation of knowledge often results in the creation of wealth has put certain limitations on the availability of scientific information, and this development has been harmful to the cultural aspect of science.