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Oct 31, 2023 · Blood pressure is regulated in the body by changes to the diameters of blood vessels in response to changes in the cardiac output and stroke volume. Factors such as stress, nutrition, drugs, exercise, or disease can invoke changes in the diameters of the blood vessels, altering blood pressure.
Blood flow is the movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ. The slowing or blocking of blood flow is called resistance. Blood pressure is the force that blood exerts upon the walls of the blood vessels or chambers of the heart.
- Lindsay M. Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Mat...
- 2019
- Sympathetic-adrenal System
- Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
- Aldosterone
- Vasopressin
- Natriuretic Peptides
- Thyroid Hormone
- Cortisol
As the cardiac reflexes and vasomotor centres have already been discussed elsewhere, the neuro part of this neurohormonal system will only be discussed in passing here. The hormonal element here refers to the release of adrenaline from the adrenal glands. The vasomotor centre (specifically the rostral ventrolateral medulla) sends projections to pre...
There will probably be no better time to discuss this system, as it does not appear in the CICM syllabus anywhere else, and there will probably be no point of mentioning it in the endocrine or fluid sections. It does however appear in the CICM First part exam, as Question 5 from the second paper of 2021, which was failed by 76% of the candidates. T...
Aldosterone is really all thing to all people, and an endocrinologist would bring up different properties when asked what it does, as compared to a cardiologist, intensivist, or beautician. As the length of this discussion already exceeds the acceptable limits for online discourse, the focus will remain on the role of aldosterone in the defence of ...
In the same way as aldosterone is a huge complex topic all on its own, a discussion of vasopressin could take many directions. This one will focus purely on its effects on blood volume and blood pressure. For those in need of a deep dive into vasopressin, Holmes Landry & Granton (2003) produced two excellent papers (Part 1 and Part 2) to satisfy ev...
This topic is well covered in the literature, as natriuretic peptides are turning into commercially attractive diagnostic biomarkers and drug targets. Good representation which pre-dates the corporate taint of Big Peptide can be found in Potter et al (2009) or Baxter (2004). In summary, there are three of them. ANP and BNP (atrial and brain natriur...
It will surprise nobody to hear that the thyroid gland interferes in the control of blood pressure, as it interferes in virtually everything. Hypothyroidism is associated with hypotension and low cardiac output, whereas hyperthyroidism gives rise to a hyperdynamic circulation with an occasional hypertensive crisis. The cardiovascular effects of thy...
Cortisol, the major human glucocorticoid, is produced by the adrenocortical zona fasciculata. The total list of their functions is massive and complex, including inter alia some influence on the maintenance of blood pressure and blood volume. Corticosteroid release is triggered by various forms of stress, a spectrum which incorporates shock and hyp...
Jun 16, 2020 · Many factors can affect blood pressure, such as hormones, stress, exercise, eating, sitting, and standing. Blood flow through the body is regulated by the size of blood vessels, by the action of smooth muscle, by one-way valves, and by the fluid pressure of the blood itself.
Jul 30, 2022 · Blood flow is the movement of blood through a vessel, tissue, or organ. The slowing or blocking of blood flow is called resistance. Blood pressure is the force that blood exerts upon the walls of the blood vessels or chambers of the heart.
Ventricular contraction ejects blood into the major arteries, resulting in flow from regions of higher pressure to regions of lower pressure, as blood encounters smaller arteries and arterioles, then capillaries, then the venules and veins of the venous system.
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Nov 10, 2020 · There are mechanoreceptors known as baroreceptors located in the aortic arch and carotid sinus, which constantly monitor the MABP and pulse pressure. 1 Increases in arterial pressure result in increased baroreceptor activity, increasing the firing rate in the associated afferent neurons, carrying this information to the cardiovascular centre in ...
