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Glucocorticoids have massive and far-reaching effects on the body and brain, including increases in blood pressure, increased glucose circulation, decreased reproductive axis output, complex effects on immune functions and various other effects (step 5 in Figure 12.12). In addition to glucocorticoids, the adrenal gland also produces epinephrine and various other hormones from cells in the ...
Mast cells play a crucial role in stress-induced effects on the GI system, because they cause neurotransmitters and other chemical factors to be released that affect the function of the GI system (Konturek et al., 2011).
Oct 17, 2020 · Stress constitutes a state of threatened homeostasis triggered by intrinsic or extrinsic adverse forces (stressors) and is counteracted by an intricate repertoire of physiologic and behavioral responses aiming to maintain/reestablish the optimal body equilibrium (eustasis).
- Constantine Tsigos, Ioannis Kyrou, Eva Kassi, George P. Chrousos
- 2020/10/17
- 2016
- Chronic Activation of This Survival Mechanism Impairs Health
- Sounding The Alarm
- Techniques to Counter Chronic Stress
A stressful situation — whether something environmental, such as a looming work deadline, or psychological, such as persistent worry about losing a job — can trigger a cascade of stress hormones that produce well-orchestrated physiological changes. A stressful incident can make the heart pound and breathing quicken. Muscles tense and beads of sweat...
The stress response begins in the brain (see illustration). When someone confronts an oncoming car or other danger, the eyes or ears (or both) send the information to the amygdala, an area of the brain that contributes to emotional processing. The amygdala interprets the images and sounds. When it perceives danger, it instantly sends a distress sig...
Many people are unable to find a way to put the brakes on stress. Chronic low-level stress keeps the HPA axis activated, much like a motor that is idling too high for too long. After a while, this has an effect on the body that contributes to the health problems associated with chronic stress. Persistent epinephrine surges can damage blood vessels ...
Jan 1, 2022 · In this chapter, we sought to explain the physiological response to stress starting from the perception of stress to the activation of the sympathetic nervous system and the HPA axis, all of which culminate in the release of the glucocorticoid cortisol.
Mar 6, 2019 · The effects of activation via the parasympathetic system are inhibition, slowing, and “restorative” functions—what Hess called a “trophotropic” response. The specific end-organ effects of the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems are summarized in Table 2.3 (see Ganong, 1997).
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Jun 27, 2019 · Key points. The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis is a key system that synchronizes the stress response with circadian regulatory processes. Regulation of the HPA axis is very...
