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The outer surface of the bone is covered with a fibrous membrane called the periosteum (peri – = “around” or “surrounding”). The periosteum contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels that nourish compact bone. Tendons and ligaments also attach to bones at the periosteum.
The blood vessel network consists of a hierarchical assembly of endothelial cell (EC)-lined tubes that vary in identity and caliber (Potente and Makinen 2017).To enable the efficient transport of cargo such as gases, nutrients, metabolic products, hormones, and immune cells around the body, ECs form a semipermeable barrier that controls the movement of small and large molecules and actively ...
Sep 25, 2013 · Full size image. Healthy bone requires a substantial blood flow to supply the requisite oxygen and nutrients, and to eliminate carbon dioxide, acid and other metabolic waste products. Estimates of ...
- Massimo Marenzana, Timothy R. Arnett
- 2013
Oct 29, 2024 · In a typical long bone, blood is supplied by three separate systems: a nutrient artery, periosteal vessels, and epiphyseal vessels. The diaphysis and metaphysis are nourished primarily by the nutrient artery, which passes through the cortex into the medullary cavity and then ramifies outward through haversian and Volkmann canals to supply the ...
Skeletal Blood Circulation. Bone has an extensive network of blood vessels (Figure 1) consuming almost 10–15% of resting cardiac output [25, 26]. The spatial arrangement of blood vessels enables efficient and optimal delivery of oxygen and nutrients to various locations within the bone marrow compartment.
Such an enormous supply of blood indicates high nutrient demand, associated cellular processes, and the importance of blood vessels in bone and body homeostasis. Blood vessels are not just transport conduits; endothelial cells (ECs), the building units of blood vessel tubules, interact closely with the tissue cells to regulate their physiology and functions ( Ramasamy et al., 2015 ).
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Bone Repair. When a bone breaks, blood flows from any vessel torn by the fracture. These vessels could be in the periosteum, osteons, and/or medullary cavity. The blood begins to clot, and about six to eight hours after the fracture, the clotting blood has formed a fracture hematoma (Figure 12).
