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Particle Theory helps us understand the behaviour of all particles of matter: 1. All matter is made of tiny particles 2. Particles are in constant random motion, they have kinetic energy (movement energy) 3. All particles of one substance are identical 4. Particles move faster when heated 5.
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- All matter is made of tiny particles. These particles are either individual atoms, or groups of atoms called molecules.
- Atoms of the same element are the same. Atoms of different elements are different. So, all of the atoms in carbon are the same. But the atoms in nitrogen and oxygen are different from carbon atoms.
- Particles are attracted to each other by forces. In some kinds of matter, like a diamond, this force is very strong. In other kinds of matter, like orange juice, the force is weaker.
- Particles of matter have spaces between them. In a gas, there are large spaces between them. In a liquid they are closer together. In a solid, the particles are packed so close they can hardly move.
Lesson 1: The basic postulates of particle theory. All matter is made up of particles. All particles are in constant motion. There are attractive forces between particles. Lesson 2: Temperature affects the speed at which particles move. Temperature is a measurement of the energy of particles.
Particle Theory Grade 7: Matter and Energy Handout Fill in the blank using the word bank: increase cold particles less temperature moving energy water faster more 1. Everything is made of _____. 2. Particles are always_____. 3.
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- 1.1 Handedness in the Equation of Motion
- 1.2 Chiral Interactions
- 1.3 Fundamental Strong Interaction
- 1.5 Mass and Electric Charge
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- 1.6 Hypercharge Interaction of the Standard Model
- 1.7 Higgs Mechanism
- 1.8 Program of Study
- 1.9 Exercises
A massless particle with nonzero intrinsic spin travels at the speed of light and has a definite handedness as defined by the sign of the dot product of the momentum and spin. The handedness of a massless particle, of which there are two possible values, is invariant and effectively decouples the elementary particles into two types, left-handed and...
The existence of an interaction is reflected in the quantum numbers of the elementary par-ticles. We introduce here a particular type of chiral interaction, one in which left-handed particle states can be transformed into one another in a manner similar to a rotation. However, unlike a spatial rotation, the chiral interaction acts on an internal sp...
We now consider the force that leads to the formation of protons and neutrons, and is ultimately responsible for nuclear forces. This force is the fundamental strong interaction and, similar to the chiral interaction, is an interaction that acts on an internal space. In this case, the internal space is larger and has a smallest nontrivial represent...
While mass and electric charge are second nature from classical physics, they are highly nonobvious quantities in the elementary particles. In other words, their origin is believed to be linked to the properties of the physical vacuum rather than an inherent quantity that one would assign based on first principles, as explained below. The “poor ass...
up d down v e electron neutrino charm s strange v μ muon neutrino top b bottom v τ tau neutrino H Higgs boson
The Standard Model is a theory that solves the paradox of the “hidden symmetry” of the chiral interaction. To restore the indistinguishability of components of a chiral doublet, the Standard Model eliminates electromagnetism as an elementary interaction of mass-less fermions. The road to reintroducing electomagnetism as an interaction of massive fe...
The central concept of the Standard Model is that the properties of the physical vacuum do not have the same symmetries as the fundamental interactions. This notion seems absurd at first, but physical examples of such systems, such as low-temperature super-conductivity, clearly demonstrate such behavior in nonvacuous environments. Indeed, in a supe...
The Higgs mechanism of the Standard Model is a great leap beyond the notion of an empty vacuum and symmetry-preserving interactions. Indeed, the timeline of when the universe developed a vacuum filled with a symmetry-breaking condensate is not clear. Perhaps the most trying part of studying elementary particle physics is the lack of di-rect evidenc...
Fundamental interactions. What are the interactions described by the Standard Model in a symmetry- preserving vacuum? Ignore the Higgs interactions. What Standard Model interactions in part (a) are unaffected by the reduced sym-metries of the physical vacuum? Elementary fermions. The right-handed up-type leptons are unusual fermion components in...
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† neutrino: a virtually massless lepton which comes in two varieties (anelectron’sneutrinoandamuon’sneutrino). † nucleon: aconstituentofthenucleus,i.e.,aprotonoraneutron.
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Elementary-particle physics deals with the fundamental constituents of mat-ter and their interactions. In the past several decades an enormous amount of experimental information has been accumulated, and many patterns and sys-tematic features have been observed.
