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Dec 5, 2023 · The recognition of scientific freedom as a human right casts science and scientists with a special status in society. They possess the power and responsibility to do good for humanity.
- Andrea Boggio
Nov 15, 2017 · Scientific freedom and human rights are natural rights that are codified in a legal framework grounded in the International Bill of Human Rights, and particularly Article 15 of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966).
- Tee L. Guidotti
- 2018
- Overview
- Early formulations of the concept of natural law
natural law, in philosophy, system of right or justice held to be common to all humans and derived from nature rather than from the rules of society, or positive law.
There have been several disagreements over the meaning of natural law and its relation to positive law. Aristotle (384–322 bce) held that what was “just by nature” was not always the same as what was “just by law,” that there was a natural justice valid everywhere with the same force and “not existing by people’s thinking this or that,” and that appeal could be made to it from positive law. However, he drew his examples of natural law primarily from his observation of the Greeks in their city-states, who subordinated women to men, slaves to citizens, and “barbarians” to Hellenes. In contrast, the Stoics conceived of an entirely egalitarian law of nature in conformity with the logos (reason) inherent in the human mind. Roman jurists paid lip service to this notion, which was reflected in the writings of St. Paul (c. 10–67 ce), who described a law “written in the hearts” of the Gentiles (Romans 2:14–15).
St. Augustine of Hippo (354–430) embraced Paul’s notion and developed the idea of man’s having lived freely under natural law before his fall and subsequent bondage under sin and positive law. In the 12th century Gratian, an Italian monk and father of the study of canon law, equated natural law with divine law—that is, with the revealed law of the Old and New Testaments, in particular the Christian version of the Golden Rule.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Mar 29, 2021 · Exploring the travaux préparatoires of the UDHR and ICESCR in light of General Comment No 25, as this article uniquely does, is as relevant to scholars of human rights history as it is to those engaged in contemporary debates on the nature and development of the right to science.
- Tara Smith
- 2020
Sep 21, 2020 · The human right to science, which is codified in various international and regional human rights instruments, may serve to augment international environmental law and contribute to more effective, equitable and democratically legitimate and accountable processes and outcomes in relation to the application of science and technology in ...
- Anna-Maria Hubert
- 2020
Nov 30, 2018 · Unlike most other human rights, however, the right to science has never been legally defined and is often ignored in practice by the governments bound to implement it. An essential first step toward giving life to the right to science is for the UN to legally define it.
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Jan 31, 2014 · The lessons learnt in the articulation of the right to water and sanitation and the challenges in its implementation can inform broader efforts to define the right to science and to positively exploit the connections between science, technology and human rights.
