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Nov 25, 2021 · Soil chemistry involves the study of the chemical composition, chemical properties and chemical reactions involving soil solids (organic matter and inorganic minerals), liquids (soil water), gases (soil air), including interactions with plants and soil organisms.
- Soil Biodiversity and Ecology
Biological communities are made up of multiple populations...
- 7.1: Introduction
Soil chemistry is an ever-expanding field that traditionally...
- Soil Biodiversity and Ecology
Soil reaction influences many physical and chemical properties of soil. The growth and activity of plant and soil organisms depend on soil reaction and the factors associated with it. There can be three types of soil reaction as follows: (i) Acidity:
In highly acid soils (< pH), the availability of same of the nutrients such as Al, Fe and Mn etc., is increased to a point when they become toxic to the plant. At the same time, supply of available calcium, nitrogen, phosphorus etc., are reduced to starvation level.
In soil, there may be found 3 types of reactions. They are neutral, alkaline, or acidic reactions. The measure of the chemical reaction of soil(degree of alkalinity or acidity) is expressed by its pH value.
- (3)
- Introduction
- Chemistry of Precipitation
- Soil Acidity
- Factors Affecting Soil Acidity
- Terrestrial Vegetation
- Surface Waters
- Reclamation
- Reducing Emissions
- Conclusions
- Questions For Review
Acidification is a process that is characterized by increasing concentrations of hydrogen ions (H+) in soil or water. It can cause metals and their compounds to ionize, producing ions (such as Al3+) in concentrations high enough to be toxic to plants, animals, and microorganisms. Consequently, increasing acidification is usually interpreted as a de...
Scientists have adopted a functional definition of acidic precipitation as having a pH less than 5.65. This was chosen as the cut-off because at pH 5.65, an aqueous solution of carbonic acid (H2CO3) is in equilibrium with atmospheric CO2, as follows: CO2 + H2O ⇌ H2CO3 ⇌ H+ + HCO3– ⇌ 2H+ + CO32- This definition assumes that “non-acidic” precipitatio...
Soil acidity is an important factor that affects the growth of plants. Soil acidification is a natural process that has been demonstrated by studies of succession in ecosystems. One well-known study was done at Glacier Bay in Alaska. The melting of a glacier in a long fiord is exposing a mineral substrate of till that has a pH of about 8.0 and cont...
Soil acidity is influenced by numerous chemical transformations and ion exchanges. Some are carried out by organisms, while others are non-biological reactions. The following are the most important factors affecting soil acidity. 1. Carbonic Acid. In many terrestrial ecosystems, such as grassland and forest, the surface litter and upper soil are ri...
Numerous studies have demonstrated that plants may be injured by treatment with simulated “acid rain.” In almost all of the studies, however, the pH that caused acute injuries was more acidic than is normally found in ambient precipitation. For example, experiments in Norway exposed young conifer stands to simulated acid rain for three years (Tveit...
Surface waters include streams, rivers, lakes, and ponds. Their chemistry is influenced by the types of soil and vegetation in the watershed, climatic factors, and the deposition of chemicals from the atmosphere. In regions where the winters are cold and a snowpack accumulates, the springtime meltwater that flows into streams and lakes tends to be ...
Even before acidification became a high-profile issue, wildlife managers in some regions were “improving” habitat for sportfish in brown-coloured lakes by treating the acidic water with powdered limestone (calcium carbonate, CaCO3) or lime (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)2). These treatments, known as liming, serve to reduce acidity, clarify the water, a...
Ultimately, the extensive damage caused by acidifying deposition from the atmosphere can only be resolved by reducing the emissions of acid-forming gases. Although this fact is intuitively clear, the issue of emissions reduction remains controversial for the following reasons: 1. Scientists do not know exactly how much the emissions of SO2 and/or N...
Acidification is a natural process that occurs as ecosystems interact with climatic and biological influences, for example in bogs and coniferous forest. Acidification is also caused by anthropogenic influences, particularly emissions of SO2 and NOx, which oxidize to form acids while in the atmosphere or after they are dry-deposited to ecosystems. ...
Explain the principle of conservation of electrochemical neutrality? How is it relevant to the chemistry of precipitation and surface waters?What environmental influences cause soil to become acidic? How can this problem be mitigated?How does the acidification of freshwater habitat affect the aquatic biota, including phytoplankton, macrophytes, zooplankton, benthic invertebrates, fish, and birds?Define critical load, and explain factors that influence its value for particular kinds of terrain and surface waters.The main effect of soil reaction is the availability of plant nutrients in the soil. The unproductivity of most acidic and alkaline soils is very often due to the lack of available plant nutrients. For example, in the case of nitrogen, its availability is controlled mainly by microbial activity.
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Jun 26, 2021 · Soil chemistry is an ever-expanding field that traditionally focused on chemical reactions that affected plant growth and nutrition, and has since expanded to include water and soil contaminants and their effects on plants, animals, and humans.
