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Health-adjusted life expectancy represents the number of expected years of life equivalent to years lived in full health, based on the average experience in a population. Figure 2.1 Life expectancy and health-adjusted life expectancy at age 65, Canada, 2000–2002 to 2015–2017
- Cardiovascular Disease. Heart disease is the number one killer in the United States, and among the leading causes of death in many other countries. The most common form is coronary artery disease, which involves a narrowing or blockage of the main arteries supplying the heart with blood.
- Cerebrovascular Disease (Strokes) A stroke happens when blood stops flowing in one area of the brain because of a disruption in one of the blood vessels.
- High Blood Pressure (Hypertension) Blood pressure is the force blood exerts on the walls of your arteries as your heart pumps. It's lower when you're sleeping or are at rest, and higher when you're stressed or excited—though it tends to rise generally with age.
- Cancer. One of the biggest risk factors for many types of cancer, in which abnormal cells grow uncontrollably, is age. According to the American Cancer Society, 77% of all cancers are diagnosed in people over the age of 55.
- Hypertension (high blood pressure) Nearly 60% of older adults were treated for hypertension—a common condition that involves both how much blood your heart pumps, as well as how resistant your arteries are to the blood flow.
- High cholesterol. More than 50% of older adults were treated for high cholesterol—a condition that occurs when your body has an excess of bad fats (or lipids), resulting in your arteries getting clogged, which can lead to heart disease.
- Arthritis. About 35% of older adults were treated for arthritis—an inflammation of your joints, which causes pain and stiffness and is more common in women.
- Ischemic heart disease (or coronary heart disease) Nearly 29% of older adults were treated for ischemic heart disease—a condition that is caused by a build-up of plaque that narrows the arteries leading to the heart.
Common health conditions associated with ageing. Common conditions in older age include hearing loss, cataracts and refractive errors, back and neck pain and osteoarthritis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, diabetes, depression and dementia. As people age, they are more likely to experience several conditions at the same time.
Similarly, for people over age 75 in the US, colon cancer screening is only recommended in cases where there is a long predicted life expectancy and a perceived strong capacity to tolerate cancer treatment, if needed (27, 28). At any age, life expectancy is quite variable in older adults, based on comorbidities and other factors .
For cancers with Type B incidence curves, we could hypothesize that the age-related increase in incidence until 70–80 years is a consequence of age-related changes in epigenetics and genome instability, but beyond that age, cellular senescence and telomere attrition accelerate and become the dominant aging change, with the outcome of reducing the incidence of cancer.
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Apr 4, 2023 · Age standardization can be helpful when comparing rates of health outcomes (for example, deaths from cancer) between populations, because age can be a significant risk factor for many diseases. Since age structure varies between countries and in the same country over time, this adjustment allows us to see how mortality and morbidity vary without age differences.
