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e. Open society (French: société ouverte) is a term coined by French philosopher Henri Bergson in 1932, [ 1 ][ 2 ] and describes a dynamic system inclined to moral universalism. [ 3 ] Bergson contrasted an open society with what he called a closed society, a closed system of law, morality or religion.
An open society, on the other hand, allows the individual to change his role and to benefit from corresponding changes in status. Unlike a closed society, which stresses hierarchical cooperation between social groups, an open society permits different social groups to vie for the same resources,…. Read More.
- Bergson and Popper
- Open Society Debated
- Related Concepts
- Open Society Applied
- Globalization and Terrorism
- Bibliography
From the earliest articulations of the concept by Bergson and Popper, there have been important differences in the ways in which the open society has been interpreted and used. Bergson's concept was more a vertical openness to the ground of being or the transcendent. Popper's openness was primarily within the framework of secular liberalism; it was...
Popper did not associate his concept of open society with any particular political or economic philosophy. His refusal to define the concept in this manner has fueled critical and theoretical debates. Dante Germino and Klaus von Beyme collected a wide-ranging series of essays on The Open Society in Theory and Practice (1974) that touches on its imp...
Popper's open society was based on a critique of two practices in the philosophy of history. First, he criticized historicism, or the belief that history develops according to certain intrinsic principles toward a determinate end. Second, he challenged holism, or the belief that societies are greater than the sum of their members. Popper argued ins...
In the construction of such narratives, perhaps the Open Society Institute (OSI) is the largest concrete application of Popper's notion. The philanthropic activist George Soros founded OSI in 1993 as a way to synthesize initiatives that began in Central and Eastern Europe as early as 1984 to encourage the transition to democracy. Since then, the So...
The globalizing reach of modern science, technology, and production forces as well as Western values and political associations can be interpreted as the intrusion of the open society on "traditional" or more "closed" cultures. Ethics is not as easily globalized as science and technology. Although a simplification, something similar is true with re...
Arendt, Hannah. (1958). The Human Condition. Chicago: University of ChicagoPress. Bergson, Henri. (1935). The Two Sources of Morality and Religion.Garden City, NY: Doubleday. The original French edition appeared in 1932. Bloom, Allan. (1987). The Closing of the American Mind. New York: Simon and Schuster. Feyerabend, Paul. (1978). Science in a Free...
open societies and closed societies These terms were introduced by Karl Popper in his book The Open Society and its Enemies (1945), and further explored in The Poverty of Historicism (1957). Popper argued that both science and human history are essentially indeterminate and fluid. Source for information on open societies and closed societies: A ...
Jun 27, 2024 · ABSTRACT. This paper examines the different interpretations of the distinction between closed and open societies put forward by Henri Bergson, Leo Strauss, Karl Popper, and Gilles Deleuze. These vary both in the features attributed to the two kinds of society, especially to openness, and in the authors’ evaluations of what they describe.
Defining open science and citizen science. Open Science involves making freely available all processes, data and results for scrutiny, use and replication (FOSTER Open Science, 2021), reflective of Karl Popper's philosophy of the interface of an open society with science as a social good (1955). This does not mean that such work is published ...
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Sep 24, 2016 · Three considerations about the open society precede Plessner’s reflections: (1) an ethnic-historical one, which traces back to Wundt’s differentiation between state and tribe; (2) a sociological one, which Tönnies has shaped with the terms society and community; and (3) an ethical one, which results from the demand to abandon the closed society in favor of an open one. Plessner ...
