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The periodic table is an arrangement of the elements in order of increasing atomic number. Elements that exhibit similar chemistry appear in vertical columns called groups (numbered 1–18 from left to right); the seven horizontal rows are called periods. Some of the groups have widely used common names, including the alkali metals (group 1 ...
- Isotopes and Atomic Masses
The known elements are arranged in order of increasing Z in...
- Essential Elements for Life
Classification of the Essential Elements. The approximate...
- Chapter 7
7.1: The History of the Periodic Table; 7.2: Sizes of Atoms...
- Isotopes and Atomic Masses
What information on the periodic table is used to complete electron dot diagrams? A. The number before the A at the top of a column shows how many dots to draw in the diagram. B. The number before the B at the top of a column shows how many dots to draw in the diagram. C.
- Alkali Metals
- Alkaline Earth Metals
- Transition Metals
- Post-Transition Metals
- Metalloids
- Nonmetals
- Halogens
- Noble Gases
- Lanthanides
- Actinides
The alkali metals are all elements of Group I except hydrogen. These elements have one valence electron. They are highly reactive and can burst into flames when exposed to air. This is why alkali metals combine with other elements in compounds. They react with water quickly and must be stored in oil. Franciumis the most reactive alkali metal, locat...
The alkaline earth metals are located in Group 2 of the periodic table, from beryllium (Be) to radium (Ra). They have two electrons in their outermost shell and are the second most reactive after alkali metals. They are a strong reducing agent, meaning they can donate electrons quickly. They are also good conductors of heat and electricity. Physica...
The transition metals lie from Group 3 to Group 12. They have more than one oxidation state, meaning they can have many oxidation numbers. They have low ionization energy and high conductivity. Aside, they have high melting and boiling points. They can be malleable and shiny.
The post-transition metals are located in between transition metals and the metalloids. They span from Groups 13 to 16. They have some characteristics of transition metals but are soft and conduct more poorly than transition metals. Their melting points are lower than transition metals.
The metalloids display properties in between metals and nonmetals. Only six such elements exist, of which three (B, Si, and Ge) are semiconductors. They lie between Groups 13 and 16. Metalloids are not as good conductors of electricity as metals, nor are they as ductile as metals. They are brittle and can break easily.
Nonmetals are on the top right of metalloids, spanning Groups 13 and 16. They have high electronegativity and ionization energy and are poor conductors of heat and electricity. They exist as gases like oxygen or solids like carbon. Although it is in Group 1, hydrogen is considered a nonmetal.
The halogens lie in Group 17. They are highly electronegative and reactive, requiring one electron to complete their outermost shell. Hence, they typically exhibit a -1 oxidation state. They form salts with metals.
The elements in Group 18 are called noble gases. They have complete outermost shells, resulting in stable electron configurations. Hence, they are the least reactive group on the periodic table, giving them nomenclature inert gases. They have low melting and boiling points and are colorless and odorless.
Lanthanides are a part of the sixth row and lie within Group 3 of the periodic table. The name lanthanide comes from the first element of that row – lanthanum. They are a family of rare earth metals with one valence electron in the 5d shell. They are highly reactive and behave like strong reducing agents in chemical reactions. Aside, they are soft ...
Actinides are located in the seventh row and within Group 3. Their name comes from actinium, the first element of that row. They are another family of rare earth metals that are highly reactive. They also have high electropositivity and are radioactive. Aside, these elements are allotropic, paramagnetic, and pyromorphic. Physically, they are very s...
5 days ago · periodic table, in chemistry, the organized array of all the chemical elements in order of increasing atomic number —i.e., the total number of protons in the atomic nucleus. When the chemical elements are thus arranged, there is a recurring pattern called the “periodic law” in their properties, in which elements in the same column (group ...
- The periodic table is a tabular array of the chemical elements organized by atomic number, from the element with the lowest atomic number, hydrogen...
- The groups of the periodic table are displayed as vertical columns numbered from 1 to 18. The elements in a group have very similar chemical proper...
- The arrangement of the elements in the periodic table comes from the electronic configuration of the elements. Because of the Pauli exclusion princ...
- The periodic table has two rows at the bottom that are usually split out from the main body of the table. These rows contain elements in the lantha...
- Elemental Names and Symbols. Each box on the periodic table represents a single element. An elemental symbol is always included within each box, in order to indicate which element is located in that position.
- Atomic Number. Elements are listed in order of increasing atomic number, which as the number of protons contained within an atom of that element. (The proton is an example of a subatomic particle and will be discussed in greater detail in the following section.)
- Periods. A period is a horizontal (left-to-right) row on the periodic table. Each period is given a numerical value, beginning with "1," which is assigned to the top row.
- Groups. A group is a vertical (top-to-bottom) column on the periodic table. Each group is given a numerical value, beginning with "1," which is assigned to the left-most column on the periodic table.
The modern periodic table organizes elements into a grid based on their atomic number. Both the horizontal and vertical positionings of an element within the table give clues as to that element's behavior, making the periodic table a quick and useful reference for predicting how certain elements will react with each other. Each box on the table represents one element. Basic information ...
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The modern periodic table is based closely on the ideas he used: the elements are shown by the symbol for their atom; the elements are arranged in mass order (order of increasing atomic number)
