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Sewage treatment (or domestic wastewater treatment, municipal wastewater treatment) is a type of wastewater treatment which aims to remove contaminants from sewage to produce an effluent that is suitable to discharge to the surrounding environment or an intended reuse application, thereby preventing water pollution from raw sewage discharges. [2]
- Overview
- Direct discharge of sewage
- Developments in sewage treatment
•Domestic wastewater results from water use in residences, businesses, and restaurants.
•Industrial wastewater comes from discharges by manufacturing and chemical industries.
•Rainwater in urban and agricultural areas picks up debris, grit, nutrients, and various chemicals, thus contaminating surface runoff water.
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Many ancient cities had drainage systems, but they were primarily intended to carry rainwater away from roofs and pavements. A notable example is the drainage system of ancient Rome. It included many surface conduits that were connected to a large vaulted channel called the Cloaca Maxima (“Great Sewer”), which carried drainage water to the Tiber River. Built of stone and on a grand scale, the Cloaca Maxima is one of the oldest existing monuments of Roman engineering.
There was little progress in urban drainage or sewerage during the Middle Ages. Privy vaults and cesspools were used, but most wastes were simply dumped into gutters to be flushed through the drains by floods. Toilets (water closets) were installed in houses in the early 19th century, but they were usually connected to cesspools, not to sewers. In densely populated areas, local conditions soon became intolerable because the cesspools were seldom emptied and frequently overflowed. The threat to public health became apparent. In England in the middle of the 19th century, outbreaks of cholera were traced directly to well-water supplies contaminated with human waste from privy vaults and cesspools. It soon became necessary for all water closets in the larger towns to be connected directly to the storm sewers. This transferred sewage from the ground near houses to nearby bodies of water. Thus, a new problem emerged: surface water pollution.
It used to be said that “the solution to pollution is dilution.” When small amounts of sewage are discharged into a flowing body of water, a natural process of stream self-purification occurs. Densely populated communities generate such large quantities of sewage, however, that dilution alone does not prevent pollution. This makes it necessary to treat or purify wastewater to some degree before disposal.
The construction of centralized sewage treatment plants began in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, principally in the United Kingdom and the United States. Instead of discharging sewage directly into a nearby body of water, it was first passed through a combination of physical, biological, and chemical processes that removed some or most of the pollutants. Also beginning in the 1900s, new sewage-collection systems were designed to separate storm water from domestic wastewater, so that treatment plants did not become overloaded during periods of wet weather.
After the middle of the 20th century, increasing public concern for environmental quality led to broader and more stringent regulation of wastewater disposal practices. Higher levels of treatment were required. For example, pretreatment of industrial wastewater, with the aim of preventing toxic chemicals from interfering with the biological processes used at sewage treatment plants, often became a necessity. In fact, wastewater treatment technology advanced to the point where it became possible to remove virtually all pollutants from sewage. This was so expensive, however, that such high levels of treatment were not usually justified.
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Wastewater treatment plants became large, complex facilities that required considerable amounts of energy for their operation. After the rise of oil prices in the 1970s, concern for energy conservation became a more important factor in the design of new pollution control systems. Consequently, land disposal and subsurface disposal of sewage began to receive increased attention where feasible. Such “low-tech” pollution control methods not only might help to conserve energy but also might serve to recycle nutrients and replenish groundwater supplies.
Sewage treatment plants treat sewage from public sewers, producing clean, odourless water we can drink and use to bathe. All the water we consume from the tap is recycled, with drinkable water undergoing tertiary treatment stages.
rvation, management and control of water resources. In essence the use of water and development aspects need to be managed or controlled in su.
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Apr 25, 2024 · Wastewater and sewage is treated in three phases: primary (solid removal), secondary (bacterial decomposition), and tertiary (extra filtration). Sewage is generated by residential and industrial establishments. It includes household waste liquid from toilets, baths, showers, kitchens, sinks, and so forth that is disposed of via sewers.
Jun 18, 2018 · Much of the water used by homes, industries, and businesses must be treated before it is released back to the environment. If the term "wastewater treatment" is confusing to you, you might think of it as "sewage treatment."
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Sep 15, 2023 · Water Treatment Plant (WTP): WTPs are fed with groundwater, surface water, or even rainwater sources. Once treated the end result is clean drinking water that can be distributed to storage...
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related to: what is sewage treatment technology made of water usedDevelop your competitive advantage with ElectraMet's metal removal & recovery technology. Eliminate unplanned downtime. Drive better outcomes in your metal removal process today.
Energy-efficient, easy, one-stop aeration solution to your industrial wastewater woes. Customized solutions for your industrial wastewater treatment plants with installation
Since 1928, Lakeside has been an engineer & manufacturer of wastewater solutions
