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- Flexion and Extension. Flexion and extension are movements that occur in the sagittal plane. They refer to increasing and decreasing the angle between two body parts
- Abduction and Adduction. Abduction and adduction are two terms that are used to describe movements towards or away from the midline of the body. Abduction is a movement away from the midline – just as abducting someone is to take them away.
- Medial and Lateral Rotation. Medial and lateral rotation describe movement of the limbs around their long axis: Medial rotation is a rotational movement towards the midline.
- Elevation and Depression. Elevation refers to movement in a superior direction (e.g. shoulder shrug), depression refers to movement in an inferior direction.
- Circular
- Convergent
- Parallel
- Pennate
Circular muscles (also known as skeletal sphincter muscles) have a fascicular pattern where the fascicles are arranged in concentric rings. Muscles with this arrangement surround external body openings, which they close by contracting. Muscles with this fascicular arrangement may be termed as orbicular muscles (Latin: orbiculus = small disc), such ...
A convergent (a.k.a. triangular) muscle has a broad origin with fascicles converging toward a single tendon of insertion. Such a muscle is triangular or fan shaped. One example is the pectoralis major muscle of the anterior thorax.
In a parallel arrangement, the length of the fascicles run to the long axis of the muscle. There are three types of parallel muscles: 1. quadrilateral muscles, which have a short, flat form e.g. thyrohyoid muscle 2. strap muscles, that have a narrow belt- or strap-like belly e.g. sartorius muscle 3. fusiform muscles, with a spindle-shaped and exten...
In a pennate pattern, the fascicles are short and they attach obliquely to a central tendon that runs the length of the muscle. Pennate muscles are of three forms: 1. Unipennate, in which the fascicles insert into only one side of the tendon, as in the extensor digitorum longus muscle of the leg; 2. Bipennate, in which the fascicles insert into the...
When most people think of muscles, they think of the muscles that move our arms and legs. These are called skeletal muscles because they move the skeleton. However, there are two additional types of muscles, including smooth muscle and the cardiac muscle. The basic function of all types of muscle is to create movement.
Jan 23, 2024 · Breathing, speaking and swallowing. Digesting food and getting rid of waste (peeing and pooping). Moving, sitting still and standing up straight. Pumping blood through your heart and blood vessels. Giving birth. Muscles also store and release energy your body uses as part of your metabolism.
Oct 25, 2023 · The structural unit of a muscle is the muscle fiber, while the functional unit is a motor unit. Skeletal muscles mostly act in antagonism, meaning that when one contracts to create the movement (agonist), the corresponding opposite one relaxes (antagonist). Muscles working as antagonistic pairs are responsible for creating a smooth movement.
Mar 24, 2019 · Movements in an axis and along a plane. Bringing together planes and axes, we will describe the movements we used above. Flexion and extension of the hip occur in the sagittal plane, and about the coronal axis. Abduction and adduction of the shoulder occur in the coronal plane, and about the sagittal axis.
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Skeletal muscle: Skeletal muscles are voluntary muscles, meaning you control how and when they move and work. Nerves in your somatic nervous system send signals to make them function. If you reach for a book on a shelf, you’re using skeletal muscles in your neck, arm and shoulder. Cardiac muscle: Cardiac muscles are only in your heart.
