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- Epicardium: Protective outer layer.
my.clevelandclinic.org/health/body/21704-heart
Jun 11, 2024 · The heart has four chambers, including: Right atrium: Receives oxygen-poor blood from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava. Right ventricle: Pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery. Left atrium: Receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs through the pulmonary veins.
- Anatomy of The Lungs
- Physiology of The Lungs
- Lung Disease
Pleura
The pleuraare double-layered serous membranes that surround each lung. Attached to the wall of the thoracic cavity, the parietal pleura forms the outer layer of the membrane. The visceral pleura forms the inner layer of the membrane covering the outside surface of the lungs. Between the parietal and visceral pleura is the pleural cavity, which creates a hollow space for the lungs to expand into during inhalation. Serous fluid secreted by the pleural membranes lubricates the inside of the pleu...
External Anatomy
Occupying most of the space within the thoracic cavity, the lungs extend laterally from the heart to the ribs on both sides of the chest and continue posteriorly toward the spine. Each soft, spongy lung is roughly cone-shaped with the superior end of the lung forming the point of the cone and the inferior end forming the base. The superior end of the lungs narrows to a rounded tip known as the apex. The inferior end of the lungs, known as the base, rests on the dome-shaped diaphragm. The base...
Bronchi
Air enters the body through the nose or mouth and passes through the pharynx, larynx, and trachea. Just before reaching the lungs, the trachea then splits into the left and right bronchi--- large, hollow tubes made of hyaline cartilage and lined with ciliated pseudostratified epithelium. The hyaline cartilage of the bronchi forms incomplete rings shaped like the letter "C" with the open part of the ring facing toward the posterior end of the bronchi. The rigid hyaline cartilage prevents the b...
Pulmonary Ventilation
Our lungs receive air from the external environment through the process of negative pressure breathing. Negative pressure breathing requires a pressure differential between the air inside the alveoli and atmospheric air. Muscles surrounding the lungs, such as the diaphragm, intercostal muscles, and abdominal muscles, expand and contract to change the volume of the thoracic cavity. Muscles expand the thoracic cavity and decrease the pressure inside the alveoli to draw atmospheric air into the...
Lung Volume
The total air volume of the lungs is about 4 to 6 liters and varies with a person's size, age, gender, and respiratory health. Lung volumes are measured clinically by a device known as a spirometer. Normal shallow breathing only moves a small fraction of the lungs' total volume into and out of the body with each breath. This volume of air, known as tidal volume, usually measures only around 0.5 liters. Deep breathing can force more air into and out of the lungs than during shallow breathing....
External Respiration
External respiration is the process of exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide between the air inside the alveoli and the blood in the capillaries of the lungs. Air inside the alveoli contains a higher partial pressure of oxygen compared to the blood in the capillaries. Conversely, blood in the lungs' capillaries contains a higher partial pressure of carbon dioxide compared to the air in the alveoli. These partial pressures cause oxygen to diffuse out of the air and into the blood through the re...
There are many diseases and conditions impairing the normal function of our lungs, even leading to death. You may be interested in learning more about how DNA health testingcan screen you for genetic risk of an underdiagnosed hereditary condition called alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
The pleura consists of two layers, an inner visceral and an outer parietal layer. Both layers form a closed sac called the pleural cavity, which contains serous fluid. Due to the position of the heart, the left pleural cavity is smaller than the right.
The outer layer is called the epicardium, or visceral pericardium, since it is also the inner wall of the pericardium. The middle layer of the heart, the myocardium, and contains specialized cardiac muscle tissue responsible for contraction.
Nov 3, 2023 · The epicardium is the outermost layer of the heart. It is actually the visceral layer of the serous pericardium, which adheres to the myocardium of the heart. Histologically, it is made of mesothelial cells, the same as the parietal pericardium.
Mar 24, 2022 · Blood flows from the body and lungs to the atria and from the atria to the ventricles. The ventricles pump blood out of the heart to the lungs and other parts of the body. An internal wall of tissue divides the right and left sides of your heart. This wall is called the septum.
Oct 20, 2024 · The walls of the heart are composed of an outer epicardium, a thick myocardium, and an inner lining layer of endocardium. The human heart consists of a pair of atria, which receive blood and pump it into a pair of ventricles, which pump blood into the vessels.
