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  1. For a function of three variables, a level set is a surface in three-dimensional space that we will call a level surface. For a constant value c c in the range of f(x, y, z) f (x, y, z), the level surface of f f is the implicit surface given by the graph of c = f(x, y, z) c = f (x, y, z).

  2. Note: Every graph is a level set (why?). But not every level set is a graph. Graphs must pass the vertical line test. (Level sets may or may not.) Surfaces in R3: Graphs vs Level Sets Graphs (z= f(x;y)): The graph of f: R2!R is f(x;y;z) 2R3 jz= f(x;y)g: Example: When we say \the surface z= x2 + y2," we really mean: \The graph of the func-tion f ...

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  3. 15.5.4 The Gradient and Level Curves. Recall from Section 15.1 that the curve. is a constant, is a level curve, on which function values are constant. Combining these two observations, we conclude that the gradient. Let. We now differentiate. The derivative of the right side is 0.

  4. The range of g g is the closed interval [0, 3] [0, 3]. First, we choose any number in this closed interval—say, c =2 c = 2. The level curve corresponding to c = 2 c = 2 is described by the equation. √9−x2 −y2 = 2 9 − x 2 − y 2 = 2. To simplify, square both sides of this equation: 9−x2 −y2 = 4 9 − x 2 − y 2 = 4.

  5. Imagine taking this plot of level curves, twisting clockwise by 135 degrees (by symmetry this will be the same as rotating 45 degrees counter-clockwise) and then pulling the bottom (left) corner towards yourself. The green curve at k=0 corresponds exactly to the trough in the graph. Now check-out the cross-section at x=2 .

  6. Level Curves: Def: If f is a function of two variables with domain D, then the graph of f is {(x, y, z) R3 | z = f (x, y ) } for (x, y ) D. Def: The level curves of a function f (x, y ) are the curves in the plane with equations. f (x, y ) = k where k is a constant in the range of f . The contour curves are the corresponding curves on the ...

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  8. A scatter plot is a visualization of the relationship between two quantitative sets of data. The scatter plot is created by turning the datasets into ordered pairs: the first coordinate contains data values from the explanatory dataset, and the second coordinate contains the corresponding data values from the response dataset.