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Oct 31, 2020 · Most studies measured the orbital apex from the rim to the optic foramen, but several used the annulus of Zinn as a reference point [36, 61, 64, 92, 102, 105, 111]. To create a clear definition of the orbital apex, a fixed reference point must be adopted.
- Ӧ Engin, G F J P M Adriaensen, F W A Hoefnagels, P Saeed
- 10.1007/s00276-020-02573-w
- 2021
- Surg Radiol Anat. 2021; 43(2): 169-178.
- Disease
- Anatomy
- Etiology
- Pathophysiology
- Signs/Symptoms
- Differential Diagnosis
Orbital apex syndrome (OAS) involves cranial neuropathies in association with optic nerve dysfunction. Orbital apex syndrome is symptomatically related to superior orbital fissure syndrome and cavernous sinus syndrome with similar etiologies. The distinction is the precise anatomic involvement of the disease process.
The orbital apex is anatomically the posterior part of the orbit positioned at the craniofacial junction located where the four orbital walls converge. The orbital apex incorporates the optic canal and the superior orbital fissure. The optic canal transmits the optic nerve (surrounded by meninges) and the ophthalmic artery to the cranial fossa. The...
Variety of etiologies and detailed history is important in narrowing the differential diagnosis. 1. Inflammatory 1.1. Sarcoidosis, SLE, Churg-Strauss syndrome, granulomatosis with polyangiitis , Tolosa Hunt Syndrome, Giant cell arteritis, Orbital inflammatory pseudotumor, thyroid orbitopathy, IgG4 related orbital myositis 2. Infectious – Most often...
In the orbital apex syndrome dysfunction of the optic nerve (II), oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), abducens nerve (VI), and/or the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve (V1) may occur. The exact etiology is protean but may be generally divided into inflammatory, infectious, neoplastic, traumatic, and iatrogenic causes.
The most common initial manifestation of OAS is visual loss and ophthalmoplegia involving multiple cranial nerves
Superior Orbital Fissure Syndrome (SOFS)Cavernous Sinus Syndrome (CSS)Jul 2, 2019 · The eyes (“globes”) are housed in bilateral orbital cavities, two symmetric, pear-shaped depressions in the anterior mid-skull, with large openings anteriorly to permit vision and small ones posteriorly for communication with the cranial cavity. Each orbit is formed by seven interconnected bones (Fig. 1.1). Three of these are single bones ...
- Daniel S. Casper, Janet R. Sparrow
- 2019
This pyramid transforms into to a 3-sided posterior apex, because the orbital floor ends at the posterior basin of the inferior orbital fissure. Bony openings (canals, grooves, fissures, foramina, notches) provide the pathways for the neurovascular structures linking the intraorbital structures inside the periorbital sac to the cranial cavity, ethmoid and skull base, infratemporal fossa, and face.
- Carl Peter Cornelius, Florian Probst, Marc Christian Metzger, Peter J.J. Gooris
- 2021
Oct 31, 2020 · The orbital apex is the narrowest part of the orbit, housing the link between the intracranial cavity and orbit. Knowledge of orbital apex anatomy is crucial to selecting a surgical approach and reducing the risk of complications. Our purpose is to summarize current knowledge on surgical anatomy and attempt to reach a consensus on definition of ...
- Ӧ Engin, G F J P M Adriaensen, F W A Hoefnagels, P Saeed
- 2021
Aug 5, 2020 · Orbital Apex. Because of its many important neural and vascular structures, the orbital apex is especially worthy of study. The orbital apex is an extremely busy area because of the narrowing of the walls associated with the exit of venous blood, the entrance of arterial blood and a large number of nerves, and the origin of six extraocular muscles.
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From the medial orbital rim to apex, the orbit measures approximately 45 mm in length, whereas from the lateral orbital rim to the apex, the measurement is approximately 1 cm shorter. 1,2. When considering the size and shape of the orbit, it is a well-designed and protective structure, which shields the ocular globes (extensions of the brain).
