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Oct 1, 2013 · Abstract. Trait theory is one of the major approaches to the study of human personality. In the framework of this approach, personality traits are defined as habitual patterns of behavior, thought ...
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Abstract. Trait theory is one of the major approaches to the...
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Trait psychologists build on these familiar notions, giving precise definitions, de vising quantitative measures, and documenting the impact of traits on people's lives. Briefly, traits can be defined as "dimensions of individual differences in tendencies to show consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and actions" (McCrae & Costa, 1990, p ...
- Learning Objectives
- WHAT IS THIS CHAPTER ABOUT?
- THE CONCEPT OF PERSONALITY
- How Do We Define Personality?
- Interests
- Values
- Motivation
- Beliefs
- Ability
- SUMMARY
- THEORIES OF PERSONALITY
- Types, Traits and Competencies
- Idiographic versus Nomothetic Approaches
- Comparing idiographic and nomothetic approaches
- Idiographic
- Nomothetic
- The Physiological Paradigm
- Type label
- Jungian type theory
- Sensing (S) or Intuition (N)
- Thinking (T) or Feeling (F)
- The Behaviour-Analytic Approach
- The Phenomenological Paradigm
- Kelly’s repertory grid
- The Biological Paradigm
- Eysenck’s theory
- A normal distribution of people on the trait of emotional stability
- An overall view
- The Big Five
- 15FQ
- 16PF
- PERSONALITY QUESTIONNAIRES: ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS
- Self-report data
- Socially Desirable Responding
- Random responding
- SUMMARY
- WHAT HAVE WE DISCOVERED ABOUT THE ASSESSMENT AND MEASUREMENT OF PERSONALITY?
- SOME KEY QUESTIONS
By the end of this chapter you should be able to: describe how psychologists have sought to define human personality and how it can be distinguished from other attributes; distinguish between the different approaches relating to assessment of individual dif-ferences in personality; describe and evaluate the different theories; evaluate critically t...
Whatever you call it, it’s about power and money. It has been known by a number of aliases such as nature, temperament, disposition, character, and even charisma. Here we call it personality. Knowing about it well gives power over others through being able to predict or manipulate their behaviour. That power might lead to wealth, especially by sell...
We all have a natural curiosity about why people behave as they do. Differences in behaviour have always grabbed our attention and have led to many attempts to ǡ β Ǥ β thought to be consistent have led to a vast accumulation of words representing characteristics, as any dictionary will demonstrate. So psychology doesn’t really own the phenomenon of...
ǡ β Ǩ β Ǥ β ǡ ǡ β Ǥ ancient times thinkers have attempted to identify the main factors by which people β ǡ Ǥ ǡ β β Ǥ ǯ -initions are based mostly on differing theories. But the fact remains that how we β ǡ -Ǥ β Ǯ everyone either similar or different to others’. But this could equally be said of other traits such as intelligence and doesn’t explain ...
These are thought to be a subset of a person’s attitudes relating to the evaluation of personal beliefs. If we have a particular belief and feel positive about it, then we are more likely to want to do more or think more about that belief. Therefore we will tend to show more interest in it.
Values relate to the usefulness, importance or worth we attach to either activities or objects and to how people should behave, and can be linked to our interests and Ǥ β ǡ ǡ ȋ ǡ ͳͻȌǤ be ‘happiness’, ‘a healthy body’, ‘fame’, ‘security’, or ‘a loving family’. We are thought to strive towards our values and to use them as a means of judging our ac...
Motivation is a characteristic made up of our needs, interests and aspirations. This focuses upon what drives us to do some things but not others (i.e. our driving force), its direction and our persistence. A number of theories have been put forward to explain this, including instincts, drive theories, arousal theories and hedonistic (i.e. pleasure...
These are the expression, internal or external, of our feelings or thoughts about something.
This refers to an underlying capacity to be able to do something or to behave in a particular way. On this basis, we can now distinguish between personality and other attributes of a person. Attitudes, values and ability are more likely to have longer-term stability, whilst interests, beliefs and motivation could be more transient. Motivation, oddl...
Despite the views of ‘situationalist’ psychologists, who see personality as being ever-changing, researchers in psychometrics have taken a dispositional approach which views it as being made up of relatively consistent trait-based internal characteristics. We have discussed the difference between implicit and explicit theories of person-β Ǥ β ǡ ǡ -...
There have been a number of contrasting approaches to understanding this elusive concept. Not all theories embrace the same subject matter, viewing it instead in widely disparate ways, and this has had a big impact on assessment measures. Ǥ β β -vidual. Unsurprisingly, therefore, different ways of modelling and theorizing about it have emerged. No ...
It has always been natural for people to think about personality ‘types’ and to ste-reotype others. Doing this makes it easier to cope with a complex social world through labelling, like the ‘bookish’ or ‘bossy’ types we all know so well. The con-Ǯ ǯ Ǯ ǯ β Ǥ appears to have arisen in modern times, namely that which distinguishes ‘winners’ from ‘los...
Developing a theory about people will depend on what kind of a theory you want and what you want it to achieve. You might take a holistic view, believing in unique individuals and that to understand personality you need to evaluate as much of their mental processes as possible (Magnusson & Torestad, 1993). You might think the differences between pe...
Approach Aim Research approach Data collection Advantages Disadvantages
Sees individuals as unique To understand each person Qualitative Interviews, diaries, clinical/ therapeutic data Deeper understanding of the person Problems in trying to make generalizations
Sees common themes in the ways people behave To identify traits which best describe all personality Quantitative Scores on self-report questionnaire scales Comparison between individuals and ability to make predictions Purely descriptive profiles which are more superficial interactions make each one unique. Those working within the idiographic para...
Approaches to personality here view it as being associated with the physiological characteristics of people. They range from simple descriptions of behaviour through to suggestions that characteristics are the result of different kinds of physiology. Theories which link personality to the wider aspects of biological functioning are more complex and...
β Ǥ ǯ combine in any way and they were thought to be inherited. They have been linked with the effects of endocrine activity on temperament. The problem with this approach is that it assumes people have to slot into one of the categories rather than being made up of mixtures or combinations. It’s per-fectly possible in real life for many people to ...
Initially Carl Jung worked with Freud, although they later disagreed and Jung devel-oped his own system of thinking which was related to psychoanalysis. His ‘analyti-ǯ β Ǥ Freud, Jung saw personality or ‘psyche’ as being made up of interacting components such as the ego. This, he said, was the conscious part of the mind which faced con-β Ǯ ǯǡ -vidu...
β ǡ go beyond what is present to focus upon associations between what is perceived and make use of inner judgement? Sensing concerns realistic representations of the world, whilst intuition is an unconscious process focused on the basic essence of reality. Note that intuition is represented by the letter N because I had already been used to represe...
Are a person’s decisions made objectively or subjectively? The Thinking function tends to be more intellectual and bases perceptions on objective facts and logic, while Feeling centres evaluations in the emotions, having an emphasis on attitudes, beliefs and values. Jung combined these differing orientations by considering that people would ǡ ǡ Ǥ c...
The methodology of the behaviour-analytic approach, sometimes referred to as behaviour analytics, appears to have some of its origins in social learning, though it also has some links with the trait approach in that it seeks to adopt the measure-ment of traits through observations. It is based on the fact that psychological con-β explaining observe...
The phenomenological approach originated among philosophers who concentrated on direct personal and subjective experiences, and is linked to the twentieth cen-ǯ Ǥ -viduals can only be understood in terms of inner experiences and that psychology should focus on them. Any separation of personality into its elements is thought to do an injustice to it...
is complex, especially if factor analysis is used, demanding expertise and being time-consuming. It tends also to focus too much on thought processes at the expense of other aspects of personality and could be seen as mechanistic. Its effective use depends on expertise in interpreting outcomes and no systematic interpretation is provided, introduci...
Links between biology and psychology make sense. When you’re hungry or tired Ǧ ǣ this. Being enormously complex, it is connected throughout the body and can trans-mit messages rapidly. It manages both our unconscious body systems, such as diges-tion, and our conscious processes, including thinking which links to behaviour. If you suffer brain damag...
Ǧ ȋͳͻǡ ͳͻͻͲǡ ͳͻͻͶȌǡ β Ǥ ǡ ǡ Ǥ β keep us active and awake whilst the other is focused on inactivity, and we must try to maintain a balance. Sitting at the base of the brain is the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) which controls the arousal level of the cortex above, effec-tively acting as a kind of ‘dimmer switch’. ǯ different levels, ...
How would you distinguish between personality, attitudes, interests, values, motivation, beliefs and ability? Is personality simply a result of genetics? What do you think? Compare the different theoretical approaches to personality. How useful are these? How would you explain Jungian type theory and its uses? Why do you think the trait or psychome...
How would you distinguish between personality, attitudes, interests, values, motivation, beliefs and ability? Is personality simply a result of genetics? What do you think? Compare the different theoretical approaches to personality. How useful are these? How would you explain Jungian type theory and its uses? Why do you think the trait or psychome...
How would you distinguish between personality, attitudes, interests, values, motivation, beliefs and ability? Is personality simply a result of genetics? What do you think? Compare the different theoretical approaches to personality. How useful are these? How would you explain Jungian type theory and its uses? Why do you think the trait or psychome...
How would you distinguish between personality, attitudes, interests, values, motivation, beliefs and ability? Is personality simply a result of genetics? What do you think? Compare the different theoretical approaches to personality. How useful are these? How would you explain Jungian type theory and its uses? Why do you think the trait or psychome...
How would you distinguish between personality, attitudes, interests, values, motivation, beliefs and ability? Is personality simply a result of genetics? What do you think? Compare the different theoretical approaches to personality. How useful are these? How would you explain Jungian type theory and its uses? Why do you think the trait or psychome...
How would you distinguish between personality, attitudes, interests, values, motivation, beliefs and ability? Is personality simply a result of genetics? What do you think? Compare the different theoretical approaches to personality. How useful are these? How would you explain Jungian type theory and its uses? Why do you think the trait or psychome...
How would you distinguish between personality, attitudes, interests, values, motivation, beliefs and ability? Is personality simply a result of genetics? What do you think? Compare the different theoretical approaches to personality. How useful are these? How would you explain Jungian type theory and its uses? Why do you think the trait or psychome...
How would you distinguish between personality, attitudes, interests, values, motivation, beliefs and ability? Is personality simply a result of genetics? What do you think? Compare the different theoretical approaches to personality. How useful are these? How would you explain Jungian type theory and its uses? Why do you think the trait or psychome...
How would you distinguish between personality, attitudes, interests, values, motivation, beliefs and ability? Is personality simply a result of genetics? What do you think? Compare the different theoretical approaches to personality. How useful are these? How would you explain Jungian type theory and its uses? Why do you think the trait or psychome...
How would you distinguish between personality, attitudes, interests, values, motivation, beliefs and ability? Is personality simply a result of genetics? What do you think? Compare the different theoretical approaches to personality. How useful are these? How would you explain Jungian type theory and its uses? Why do you think the trait or psychome...
How would you distinguish between personality, attitudes, interests, values, motivation, beliefs and ability? Is personality simply a result of genetics? What do you think? Compare the different theoretical approaches to personality. How useful are these? How would you explain Jungian type theory and its uses? Why do you think the trait or psychome...
How would you distinguish between personality, attitudes, interests, values, motivation, beliefs and ability? Is personality simply a result of genetics? What do you think? Compare the different theoretical approaches to personality. How useful are these? How would you explain Jungian type theory and its uses? Why do you think the trait or psychome...
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The first step is the measurement and classification of traits. The simplest technique for personality measurement is just to ask the person to rate how well trait adjectives such as those shown in table 1.1 apply to himself or herself. We can also ask questions about behaviours that are thought to relate to personality.
Contributors synthesize the state-of-the-art of the research on the core tenets of trait theory, such as behaviour genetics and trait stability, and present perspectives on unresolved issues such as the important role of culture. In addition, trait theory is only one scientific paradigm for personality research.
Trait Theory. Trait theory represents researchers' earliest attempts to investigate leadership. Around the turn of the twentieth century, researchers sought to identify traits that effective leaders possessed by examining leaders who had achieved a level of greatness. These preliminary attempts to identify traits of leaders focused on wellknown ...
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DescripTionOf interest to scholars throughout the 20th century, the trait approach was one of the first systematic attempts to study. leadership. In the early 20th century, leadership traits were studied to determine what made certain people gr. at leaders. The theories that were developed were called “great man” theories because they ...
