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- ESA's Venus Express was designed to study the atmosphere of Venus, its plasma environment and surface characteristics from a 24-hour near-polar elliptical orbit.
science.nasa.gov/mission/venus-express
Venus Express performed innovative investigation of atmospheric densities in the polar regions by measuring accelerations and torques exerted on the spacecraft at altitudes from 130 to 200 km during pericenter passes.
Mar 19, 2009 · Venus Express is a part of the European Space Agency's program for the exploration of the inner solar system, which includes missions to study the Sun, Mercury, Venus, the Moon, Mars, and comets and asteroids. 1. Introduction.
- H. Svedhem, D. V. Titov, F. W. Taylor, O. Witasse
- 60
- 2009
- 19 March 2009
- Thermal Structure: Issi Results—Towards A New Vira Model
- The Upper Cloud Layer
- The Lower Cloud Layer
- The Polar Vortex
- Zonal Circulation
- Lower Atmosphere Composition
- Sulfur Compounds Above The Clouds
Venus Express has established an updated picture of the thermal structure of Venus, essentially within the layers located above the deep atmosphere (between 40 and >\(100\hbox { km}\)). Four instruments contributed to this mission effort for a better characterization of the temperature variation in the cloud layers and above: (VeRa) through radio o...
Measuring on the day side on the \(\hbox {CO}_{2}\) absorption, one can retrieve from an equivalent reflecting layer model the altitude of the layer, and its variation with location. This has been done by simultaneous observations of VIRTIS and VMC data on Venus Express in near infrared and ultraviolet wavelengths (Ignatiev et al. 2009). The pictur...
The thick cloud cover makes it difficult to probe its lower part and has, therefore, remained the least characterized of the Venus cloud region. For instance, there is a continuing debate about the nature of the coarser mode particles found in the base of the clouds below 50 km using LPCS data (Knollenberg and Hunten 1980). This population has neve...
The polar vortex study is one of the most appealing results from Venus Express mission: the polar orbit of the spacecraft gave a direct global view above the South Pole of Venus, when the North Pole was observed too close to map the clouds at large scale. The South polar vortex of Venus was not unknown before Venus Express: Mariner 10 en routeto Me...
Wind measurements: show the structure of the zonal winds from South Pole to Equator with two regimes below and above \(60^{\circ }\). The Venus Express wind measurements were obtained at different wavelengths, sounding various levels in the atmosphere: 1. UV (300–400 nm), dayside, from sunlight reflectivity, sounding at 65–70 km 2. NIR \(({\sim }95...
The composition of Venus’ lower atmosphere, beneath the clouds, has been investigated prior to Venus Express both by in situ and remote-sensing observations. A pre-VEX summary of all the information compiled for the atmospheric composition is presented in Bézard et al. (1990). The vertical profile of water vapor in the 0–45-km-altitude range and th...
Sulfur is, among major atmospheric compounds on Venus, one that has attracted most of the attention to date considering its link to the thick cloud layer and to its potential to reveal ongoing exchanges between the crust and the atmosphere. It remains unclear what are the exact processes that drive today the long-term equilibrium of sulfur in the a...
- Pierre Drossart, Franck Montmessin
- 2015
The Venus Express spacecraft is designed to cope with the specific mission requirements of a scientific spacecraft orbiting Venus, with extensive reuse of the Mars Express design.
- 1MB
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Venus Express (VEX) was the first Venus exploration mission of the European Space Agency (ESA). Launched in November 2005, it arrived at Venus in April 2006 and began continuously sending back science data from its polar orbit around Venus.
Jun 21, 2009 · Venus Express is the first European (ESA) mission to the planet Venus. Its main science goal is to carry out a global survey of the atmosphere, the plasma environment, and the surface of Venus from orbit. The payload consists of seven experiments.
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Introduction. More than 25 spacecraft from the USA and the Soviet Union visited Venus in the 20th century. Venera, Pioneer-Venus, and Vega descent probes measured properties of the thick atmosphere and provided glimpses of the surface in several locations.
