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The Van Allen radiation belt is a zone of energetic charged particles, most of which originate from the solar wind, that are captured by and held around a planet by that planet's magnetosphere. Earth has two such belts, and sometimes others may be temporarily created.
“Weather” in that atmosphere can result in plumes of particles that sweep across the Solar System. Astronomers study the atmospheric chemistry and stellar weather on distant stars by studying the spectrum and fluctuations in the light they produce.
- Troposphere. Temperature: 62°F (17°C) around the lowest point to -60°F (-51°C) near the top. The troposphere is the lowest layer of the atmosphere, and it is where we live.
- Stratosphere. Temperature: -60°F (-51°C) near the tropopause to 5°F (-15°C) near the next layer. Lies just above the troposphere, extending up to 31 miles (50 km) high.
- Mesosphere. Temperature: Ranges from 5°F (-15°C) to -148°F (-100°C) as one ascends up the layer. The mesosphere extends from just above the stratosphere to 53-62 miles (85-100 km) high.
- Thermosphere. Temperature: The temperatures in this layer depend on solar activity and can get as hot as 930°F (500°C) to 3,600°F (2,000°C) near the upper thermosphere.
Jul 1, 2019 · Cosmic rays produce extensive particle showers that send a cascade of electrons, photons, and muons to Earth's surface. COSMIC-RAY GUN. Supernovae — exploding massive stars — are one important...
2 days ago · Star of David, Jewish symbol composed of two overlaid equilateral triangles that form a six-pointed star. It appears on synagogues, Jewish tombstones, and the flag of the State of Israel.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
The Star of David (Hebrew: מָגֵן דָּוִד, romanized: Magen David, lit. 'Shield of David') [a] is a generally recognized symbol of both Jewish identity and Judaism. [1] Its shape is that of a hexagram: the compound of two equilateral triangles. The Star of David featured in the oldest complete copy of the Masoretic text.
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How do dusty clouds in space betray their presence?
The dark cloud seen in Figure 20.9 blocks the light of the many stars that lie behind it; note how the regions in other parts of the photograph are crowded with stars. Barnard 68 is an example of a relatively dense cloud or dark nebula containing tiny, solid dust grains.
