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Contact with Venera 1 was lost 7 days after launch. It was the first spacecraft to fly by Venus, or indeed any planet. [76] Mariner 2: Venus 27 August 1962 14 December 1962 110 days (3 months, 18 days) Mariner 2 flew by Venus at a minimum distance of 34,773 km. It was the first spacecraft to return data from Venus. [77] Mars 1: Mars 1 November 1962
SpacecraftDestinationLaunch DateReached PlanetVenus17 August 197015 December 1970 landedMars19 May 197127 November 1971 impactMars28 May 19712 December 1971 entered orbit/landedMars30 May 197114 November 1971 entered orbitDuring its flyby, Mariner 2 measured the temperatures of the clouds and surface of Venus as well as fields and particles near the planet and in interplanetary space. It discovered that Venus lacks a strong magnetic field and radiation belts, and that Venus' surface temperature was over 400 deg C. Contact was lost January 3, 1963 when the spacecraft was 86.9 million kilometers from Earth.
NameInt'l Desig.DateOrbitMariner 1none7/22/62FTOMariner 21962-A [Rho]18/27/62Solar- United States
- JPL
- NASA
Mariner 1, built to conduct the first American planetary flyby of Venus, was the first spacecraft of NASA's interplanetary Mariner program.Developed by Jet Propulsion Laboratory, and originally planned to be a purpose-built probe launched summer 1962, Mariner 1's design was changed when the Centaur proved unavailable at that early date.
Voyager 1 discovered a thin ring around Jupiter and two new Jovian moons: Thebe and Metis. At Saturn, Voyager 1 found five new moons and a new ring called the G-ring. Voyager 1 was the first spacecraft to cross the heliosphere, the boundary where the influences from outside our solar system are stronger than those from our Sun.
- United States of America (USA)
- Voyager 1
- Jupiter Flyby, Saturn Flyby
- 1,592 pounds (721.9 kilograms)
Nov 11, 2024 · Voyager 1, robotic U.S. interplanetary probe launched in 1977 that visited Jupiter and Saturn and was the first spacecraft to reach interstellar space. Voyager 1 swung by Jupiter on March 5, 1979, and then headed for Saturn, which it reached on November 12, 1980.
- The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica
Sep 24, 2018 · Mariner 2's legacy paved the way for NASA's Genesis spacecraft, currently on its way to gather particles of the solar wind and bring them back to Earth for research. With its cosmic dust detector, the spacecraft also measured interplanetary dust and found that it was not as plentiful in space as scientists had expected.
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Aug 26, 2002 · Three and one-half months later, on December 14, 1962, the JPL-built Mariner 2 flew by Venus, becoming the world's first successful interplanetary spacecraft. The Mariner program, a series of missions which aimed to visit Venus and Mars, was ambitious. Its beginnings, however, were somewhat lackluster.
