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Mariner 10
- Mariner 10 flew by Venus 40 years ago to enable the probe to gain enough speed and alter its flight path to eventually become humanity's first spacecraft to reach the planet Mercury, closest to our Sun. Indeed it was the first spacecraft to visit two planets.
phys.org/news/2014-02-40th-anniversary-mariner-venus-mission.html
The twin Pioneer 10 and 11 vehicles were the first spacecraft to ever visit Jupiter and Saturn. The craft performed a wide variety of scientific observations of the two planets and returned environmental data that was used during the design of the more sophisticated Voyager probes.
- Planetary Voyage
In the summer of 1989, NASA's Voyager 2 became the first...
- Planetary Voyage
Aug 26, 2019 · In January 1986, Voyager 2 became the first spacecraft to investigate Uranus and used that planet’s gravity to alter its trajectory to explore Neptune, the outermost planet of the solar system.
Originally meant to impact with the Moon, it instead missed its target and became the first artificial object to orbit the Sun. Mariner 2 was the first planetary flyby, passing Venus in 1962. The first successful flyby of Mars was made by Mariner 4 in 1965. Mariner 10 first passed Mercury in 1974.
- Pioneer 0, 1, 2
- Pioneer 3, 4
- Pioneer 6, 7, 7, 9, E
- Pioneer 10, 11
- Pioneer Venus Orbiter and Multiprobe Mission
- Fast Facts About The Pioneer Missions
Pioneer Missions 0, 1, and 2 were the United States' first attempts to study the Moon using spacecraft. These identical missions, which all failed to meet their lunar objectives, were followed by Pioneers 3 and 4. They were America's first successful lunar missions. The next one in the series, Pioneer 5 provided the first maps of the interplanetary...
Following the unsuccessful USAF/NASA Pioneer Missions 0, 1, and 2 lunar missions, the U.S. Army and NASA launched two more lunar missions. These were smaller than the previous spacecraft in the series and each carried only a single experiment to detect cosmic radiation. Both vehicles were supposed to fly by the Moon and return data about Earth and ...
Pioneers 6, 7, 8, and 9 were created to make the first detailed, comprehensive measurements of the solar wind, solar magnetic fields, and cosmic rays. Designed to measure large scale magnetic phenomena and particles and fields in interplanetary space, data from the vehicles have been used to better understand stellar processes as well as the struct...
Pioneers 10 and 11 were the first spacecraft to visit Jupiter (Pioneer 10 and 11) and Saturn (Pioneer 11 only). Acting as pathfinders for the Voyager missions, the vehicles provided the first up-close science observations of these planets, as well as information about the environments that would be encountered by the Voyagers. Instruments aboard th...
Pioneer Venus Orbiter was designed to perform long-term observations of the Venus atmosphere and surface features. After entering orbit around Venus in 1978, the spacecraft returned global maps of the planet's clouds, atmosphere and ionosphere, measurements of the atmosphere-solar wind interaction, and radar maps of 93 percent of the surface of Ven...
The Pioneer missions comprised a number of spacecraft to planets ranging from the Moon and Venus to the outer gas giants Jupiter and Saturn.The first successful Pioneer missions went to the Moon.The most complex mission was Pioneer Venus Multiprobe.The two Voyager space probes were originally conceived as part of the Planetary Grand Tour planned during the late 1960s and early 70s that aimed to explore Jupiter, Saturn, Saturn's moon, Titan, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto.
Two series of spacecraft led the way in NASA’s exploration of the outer solar system: Pioneer and Voyager. Although there were Pioneer flights to the Sun and Venus, the best known were Pioneer 10 and 11, which made NASA’s first visits to Saturn and Jupiter in 1973.
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When was the first probe to visit Saturn?
In the summer of 1989, NASA's Voyager 2 became the first spacecraft to observe the planet Neptune, its final planetary target. Passing about 4,950 kilometers (3,000 miles) above Neptune's north pole, Voyager 2 made its closest approach to any planet 12 years after leaving Earth in 1977.
