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- A water molecule has an oxygen atom with two hydrogen atoms connected to it by covalent bonds. The V shape that the molecule makes is caused by the way that the oxygen atom's valence electrons repel one another. These covalent bonds are made up of a pair of electrons and are the key to many of water's unusual properties.
www.britannica.com/video/Chemical-structure-of-water-molecules/-246853
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Water is a simple molecule consisting of one oxygen atom bonded to two different hydrogen atoms. Because of the higher electronegativity of the oxygen atom, the bonds are polar covalent ( polar bonds ).
- Structure of Ice
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\): The structure of liquid water...
- Structure of Ice
- Overview
- Liquid water
Water is made up of hydrogen and oxygen, and it exists in gaseous, liquid, and solid states. Water is one of the most plentiful and essential compounds, occurring as a liquid on Earth’s surface under normal conditions, which makes it invaluable for human uses and as plant and animal habitat. Since water is readily changed to a vapour (gas), it can travel through the atmosphere from the oceans inland, where it condenses and nourishes life.
Why do cold water bottles and soft-drink bottles sweat?
A cold water bottle appears to sweat because it’s a cooling source for the water vapour in the layer of air that surrounds the bottle. Air that is relatively warm can hold more water vapour than cooler air. When the cold water bottle is introduced, the warm air near the bottle cools and some of the water vapour condenses into liquid water, which is then deposited on the outside of the bottle.
When does water boil?
Boiling occurs when bubbles form within a liquid, marking a change from a substance’s liquid or solid phase into a gas. The normal boiling point is the temperature at which the liquid’s vapour pressure equals the standard sea level atmospheric pressure (760 mm [29.92 inches] of mercury). At sea level, atmospheric pressure is high, and water boils at 100 °C (212 °F); at higher altitudes it is lower, so water boils at a lower temperature.
Why is water blue?
The water molecule is composed of two hydrogen atoms, each linked by a single chemical bond to an oxygen atom. Most hydrogen atoms have a nucleus consisting solely of a proton. Two isotopic forms, deuterium and tritium, in which the atomic nuclei also contain one and two neutrons, respectively, are found to a small degree in water. Deuterium oxide (D2O), called heavy water, is important in chemical research and is also used as a neutron moderator in some nuclear reactors.
Although its formula (H2O) seems simple, water exhibits very complex chemical and physical properties. For example, its melting point, 0 °C (32 °F), and boiling point, 100 °C (212 °F), are much higher than would be expected by comparison with analogous compounds, such as hydrogen sulfide and ammonia. In its solid form, ice, water is less dense than when it is liquid, another unusual property. The root of these anomalies lies in the electronic structure of the water molecule.
The water molecule is not linear but bent in a special way. The two hydrogen atoms are bound to the oxygen atom at an angle of 104.5°.
The O―H distance (bond length) is 95.7 picometres (9.57 × 10−11 metres, or 3.77 × 10−9 inches). Because an oxygen atom has a greater electronegativity than a hydrogen atom, the O―H bonds in the water molecule are polar, with the oxygen bearing a partial negative charge (δ−) and the hydrogens having a partial positive charge (δ+).
Hydrogen atoms in water molecules are attracted to regions of high electron density and can form weak linkages, called hydrogen bonds, with those regions. This means that the hydrogen atoms in one water molecule are attracted to the nonbonding electron pairs of the oxygen atom on an adjacent water molecule. The structure of liquid water is believed to consist of aggregates of water molecules that form and re-form continually. This short-range order, as it is called, accounts for other unusual properties of water, such as its high viscosity and surface tension.
An oxygen atom has six electrons in its outer (valence) shell, which can hold a total of eight electrons. When an oxygen atom forms a single chemical bond, it shares one of its own electrons with the nucleus of another atom and receives in return a share of an electron from that atom. When bonded to two hydrogen atoms, the outer electron shell of the oxygen atom is filled.
Feb 21, 2024 · When a hydrogen atom from one water molecule is attracted to the oxygen atom of another water molecule, a hydrogen bond forms. These bonds are like tiny magnets, pulling the molecules together.
Jul 1, 2019 · Researchers track the origins of water across the world, and how it varies over time and place, by analyzing its hydrogen and oxygen isotopes.
Jun 23, 2022 · What makes water do all these things? It's actually the way the hydrogen and oxygen atoms are arranged inside water molecules. They're in a sort of triangle with the two small hydrogen atoms on one side and the much larger oxygen atom on the other.
Oxygen in Earth's atmosphere is produced by biotic photosynthesis, in which photon energy in sunlight is captured by chlorophyll to split water molecules and then react with carbon dioxide to produce carbohydrates and oxygen is released as a byproduct.
Water contains 88.9% oxygen, by weight. In the lithosphere, oxygen occurs in a wide variety of compounds, such as the oxides, silicates, carbonates, phosphates, sulfates, and a variety of more complex compounds. Nearly all of the oxygen found on Earth today is produced by biological activity.
